. 2020 Nov 30;3(1):1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.11.005

Table 2.

Risk factors driving the development of frailty.³⁸

*Sociodemographic Factors*	*Lifestyle Factors*
• Advanced age	• Physical inactivity
• Female sex	• Dietary patterns
• Ethnical background	• Smoking
• Education	• Alcohol consumption
• Low socioeconomic position
• Living alone
• Loneliness

*Clinical Factors*	*Biological Factors*
• Multimorbidity and chronic diseases	• Immune function
• Obesity	• Neuroendocrine dysregulation
• Malnutrition	• Micronutrient deficiencies
• Impaired cognition	• Sarcopenia
• Depressive symptoms	• Energy imbalances/oxidative stress
• Polypharmacy