Table 2.
Dose response of extracurricular activity participation and health-related variables in children (n = 677).
| Outcome Variable | No Participation (n = 171) | Participated in 1 Activity (n = 374) | Participated in ≥2 Activities (n = 132) | Overall Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity (PAQ-C) (scored 1–5) |
2.88 ± 1.30 (2.79, 2.99) | 3.19 ± 0.88∗ (3.12, 3.26) | 3.30 ± 1.51∗ (3.18, 3.41) | F(2,674) = 17.493, p < 0.001 |
| Fruit Intake (times consumed/day, scored 0–3) | 1.20 ± 2.11 (1.05, 1.36) | 1.42 ± 1.43 (1.31, 1.53) | 1.74 ± 2.39∗† (1.56, 1.92) | F(2,674) = 9.670, p < 0.001 |
| Vegetable Intake (times consumed/day, scored 0–3) | 0.91 ± 1.95 (0.76, 1.06) | 1.01 ± 1.30 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.01 ± 2.24 (0.84, 1.18) | F(2,674) = 0.625, p = 0.535 |
| Junk Food Index (scored 0–18) | 4.81 ± 7.59 (4.24, 5.39) | 6.09 ± 5.20∗ (5.70, 6.45) | 5.82 ± 8.59 (5.17, 6.47) | F(2,674) = 6.600, p = 0.001 |
| Parent-related Quality of life (QoL) (scored 1–100) | 71.83 ± 36.41 (69.08, 74.58) | 75.46 ± 24.72 (73.59, 77.32) | 79.55 ± 41.63∗ (76.41, 82.68) | F(2,674) = 6.611, p = 0.001 |
| Peer-related QoL (scored 1–100) | 78.71 ± 40.84 (75.64, 81.79) | 82.34 ± 27.58 (80.26, 84.42) | 85.04 ± 46.32∗ (81.54, 88.54) | F(2,674) = 3.697, p = 0.025 |
| Psychological Well-being QoL (scored 1–100) | 77.39 ± 30.43 (75.09, 79.70) | 77.80 ± 20.56 (76.24, 79.36) | 80.54 ± 34.87 (77.92, 83.16) | F(2,674) = 1.900, p = 0.150 |
| School Environment QoL (scored 1–100) | 76.40 ± 38.75 (73.48, 79.32) | 77.18 ± 26.02 (75.21, 79.15) | 76.82 ± 43.97 (73.50, 77.32) | F(2,674) = 0.095, p = 0.909 |
Variables are presented as Mean ± standard deviation and (95% confidence interval).
∗Significantly greater than no participation (p < 0.05); † Significantly greater than 1 activity (p < 0.05).