Table 2.
Effect of different management methods on soil nematode indices. SHD, Super-high density olive orchards; TRAD, traditional olive orchards; MI, maturity index; PPI, plant-parasitic index; BI, basal index; EI, enrichment index; SI, structure index; CI, channel index; Pp/B+F, the ratio of obligate plant parasites to bacterivores and fungivores. Different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05. Standard errors are reported. Significant differences are highlighted in bold.
| Management | Year | Significant Effects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SHD | TRAD | 2018 | 2019 | M * | Y ** | M + Y | |
| Firenze | |||||||
| MI | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 b | 2.3 ± 0.1 a | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.47 |
| PPI | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 0.94 | 0.27 | 0.25 |
| BI | 37.7 ± 7.3 | 39.1 ± 10.6 | 55.2 ± 9.7 a | 21.5 ± 4.6 b | 0.90 | 0.006 | 0.35 |
| EI | 79.1 ± 2.1 | 77.8 ± 2.5 | 82.2 ± 2.2 a | 74.7 ± 1.9 b | 0.66 | 0.02 | 1.00 |
| SI | 62.9 ± 6.4 | 69.8 ± 3.5 | 59.9 ± 6.4 b | 72.8 ± 2.6 a | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.83 |
| CI | 12.3 ± 2.5 | 10.4 ± 2.5 | 13.3 ± 3.0 | 9.4 ± 1.5 | 0.59 | 0.28 | 0.44 |
| Pp/(B+F) | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.81 | 0.02 | 0.20 |
| Siena | |||||||
| MI | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.12 | 1.8 ± 0.1 b | 2.5±0.1 a | 0.33 | 0.0006 | 0.30 |
| PPI | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 b | 2.8±0.04 a | 0.99 | 0.007 | 0.63 |
| BI | 19.7 ± 4.7 | 22.4 ± 5.6 | 32.3 ± 5.3 a | 9.8±1.4 b | 0.65 | 0.0008 | 0.54 |
| EI | 79.9 ± 3.6 | 79.0 ± 4.2 | 82.0 ± 5.0 | 76.9 ± 2.0 | 0.88 | 0.38 | 0.76 |
| SI | 67.9 ± 5.5 | 72.1 ± 5.2 | 59.8 ± 5.6 b | 80.1 ± 2.8 a | 0.52 | 0.005 | 0.62 |
| CI | 10.4 ± 3.9 | 10.6 ± 4.2 | 15.0 ± 5.4 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.81 |
| Pp/(B+F) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.007 |
| Foggia | |||||||
| MI | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.06 b | 2.1 ± 0.1 a | 0.13 | 0.00001 | 0.01 |
| PPI | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 0.79 | 0.3 | 0.30 |
| BI | 8.7 ± 1.1 b | 14.5 ± 2.6 a | 13.9 ± 2.6 a | 9.3 ± 1.5 b | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.0005 |
| EI | 81.6 ± 2.4 | 87.8 ± 2.4 | 87.6 ± 2.1 | 81.8 ± 2.7 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.16 |
| SI | 54.4 ± 6.0 | 57.3 ± 6.3 | 40.3 ± 2.9 b | 71.4 ± 4.9 a | 0.62 | 0.00001 | 0.64 |
| CI | 12.5 ± 2.1 a | 5.6 ± 2.2 b | 9.6 ± 2.2 | 8.5 ± 2.5 | 0.02 | 0.71 | 0.04 |
| Pp/(B+F) | 0.2 ± 0.07 b | 0.06 ± 0.03 a | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.57 | 0.10 |
| Ragusa | |||||||
| MI | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 b | 2.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.72 | 0.006 | 0.60 |
| PPI | 2.9 ± 0.06 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 b | 3.0 ± 0.03 a | 0.50 | 0.02 | 0.98 |
| BI | 61.7 ± 18.5 | 37.7 ± 7.0 | 79.6 ± 15.7 a | 19.9 ± 2.9 b | 0.12 | 0.0007 | 0.12 |
| EI | 72.7 ± 4.9 | 78.7 ± 3.8 | 74.6 ± 5.3 | 76.9 ± 3.4 | 0.37 | 0.73 | 0.93 |
| SI | 60.0 ± 7.5 | 66.1 ± 7.0 | 46.8 ± 6.7 b | 79.3 ± 3.8 a | 0.45 | 0.0006 | 0.84 |
| CI | 9.4 ± 4.4 | 6.9 ± 1.7 | 10.4 ± 4.3 | 6.0 ± 1.7 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.18 |
| Pp/(B+F) | 1.9 ± 0.4 a | 1.0 ± 0.4 b | 1.0 ± 0.3 b | 2.0 ± 0.4 a | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| Trapani | |||||||
| MI | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.1±0.1 b | 2.3 ± 0.1 a | 0.72 | 0.03 | 0.84 |
| PPI | 2.1 ± 0.04 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.01 b | 2.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.06 | 0.00001 | 0.05 |
| BI | 59.9 ± 8.6 | 63.3 ± 11.2 | 85.3 ± 5.9 a | 37.8 ± 7.9 b | 0.74 | 0.0001 | 0.50 |
| EI | 64.9 ± 3.7 | 69.5 ± 3.9 | 65.7 ± 5.0 | 68.7 ± 2.2 | 0.42 | 0.61 | 0.85 |
| SI | 63.3 ± 3.0 | 64.7 ± 2.6 | 58.0 ± 1.9 b | 70.0 ± 2.4 a | 0.68 | 0.01 | 0.78 |
| CI | 16.2 ± 2.3 | 13.5 ± 2.8 | 13.5 ± 3.0 | 16.2 ± 2.0 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.43 |
| Pp/(B+F) | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.71 | 0.54 | 0.18 |
* M, Management; ** Y, year.