FIGURE 7.

S1P specifically upregulates expression of synaptogenic factors in astrocytes cocultured with neurons. (a–c) Human astrocytes were cultured in the absence or presence of mouse cortical neurons and stimulated without or with 100 nM S1P. Expression of astrocyte synaptogenic factors was determined by qPCR and normalized to GAPDH presented as fold expression compared to untreated astrocytes alone. n = 3 independent culture experiments. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. *p < .05, one way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test