Table 1.

Foodborne pathogens, their effect on humans, and available treatments.

Bacterial Strains	Food Vehicle	Effects	Treatments	References
Escherichia coli O157:H7	Contaminated hamburger meat, unpasteurized milk, tomatoes, white radish sprouts, lettuce, fresh spinach, and apple juice	Non-bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombocytopenia purpura, and fatality	Azithromycin, rifampicin and gentamicin	[16]
Campylobacters sp.	Raw milk, raw red meat, fruits and vegetables	Fever, stomach pain, vomiting, and dehydration, watery stools containing leukocytes, Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), Reactive Arthritis (REA), and irritable bowel syndrome.	Tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, fluoroquinolones and erythromycin	[17]
Shigella	Tomatoes, ground beef, raw carrots, raw oysters, and bean salad	Dysentery or severe colitis, pseudo-membranous colitis, toxic megacolon, hemolytic uremic syndrome, intestinal perforation, septicemia, and convulsions	Fluoroquinolones (first-line), β-lactams (second-line), and cephalosporins (second-line)	[18]
Staphylococcus aureus	Meat and meat products, poultry and egg products, milk and dairy products, salads, bakery products (especially cream-filled pastries and cakes), and sandwich fillings	Hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramping with or without diarrhea	β-lactams, oxacillin, nafcillin, cefazolin, vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, cotrimoxazole, ceftaroline, telavancin etc.	[19,20]
Listeria monocytogenes	Milk and milk products such as cheese, ice cream, butter, cream, yogurt, etc	Diarrhea, mild fever, nausea, and vomiting	Ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, clindamycin, gentamicin, meticillin, oxacillin, streptomycin etc.	[21]
Salmonella typhimurium	Poultry, beef, egg, and dairy products	Gastric carriage, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, meningitis, and osteomyelitis	First-line antibiotics ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone	[17]