Table 3.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics (percentages) before (I) and during (II) the COVID-19 pandemic.
| I. Time-Frame 1 November 2018–30 April 2019 | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| II. Time-Frame 1 November 2020–30 April 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Species (No. of isolates in I. and II. time-frame) | AMS | CRX | CTX | CTZ | CPM | PPT | MER | ||||||||||||||
| E. coli (53; 38) | 50 | 50 | 1.000 | 45 | 39 | 0.6693 | 42 | 39 | 1.000 | 42 | 39 | 1.000 | 42 | 39 | 1.000 | 40 | 32 | 0.5099 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| K. pneumoniae (135; 316) | 84 | 87 | 0.375 | 80 | 81 | 0.7957 | 79 | 79 | 1.000 | 79 | 78 | 0.804 | 79 | 78 | 0.804 | 80 | 81 | 0.7957 | 2 | 0 | 0.0264 |
| E. cloacae (27; 65) | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 33 | 69 | 0.0002 | 33 | 68 | 0.005 | 22 | 42 | 0.0974 | 33 | 68 | 0.0049 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| C. freundii (6; 12) | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 50 | 25 | 0.3441 | 50 | 25 | 0.3441 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 50 | 25 | 0.3441 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| S. marcescens (7; 82) | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 14 | 70 | 0.0066 | 14 | 70 | 0.007 | 0 | 70 | 0.0005 | 14 | 68 | 0.008 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| P. aeruginosa (80; 115) | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 16 | 21 | 0.462 | 19 | 25 | 0.3027 | 28 | 31 | 0.634 | 51 | 22 | 0.0001 |
| B. mutivorans (59; 139) | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 5 | 1 | 0.080 | 5 | 3 | 0.4273 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 29 | 2 | 0.0001 |
| S. maltophilia (10; 16) | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 40 | 56 | 0.688 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 |
| A. baumannii (7; 40) | 71 | 0 | 0.0001 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 71 | 0 | 0.0001 | 71 | 0 | 0.0001 | 71 | 0 | 0.0001 | 71 | 0 | 0.0001 |
| I. time-frame 1 November 2018–30 April 2019 | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | |||
| II. time-frame 1 November 2020–30 April 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Species (No. of isolates in I. and II. time-frame) | TIG | COT | GEN | AMI | CIP | COL | |||||||||||||||
| E. coli (53; 38) | 9 | 0 | 0.073 | 51 | 29 | 0.052 | 19 | 0 | 0.004 | 2 | 8 | 0.304 | 51 | 39 | 0.296 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | |||
| K. pneumoniae (135; 316) | 7 | 7 | 1.000 | 83 | 87 | 0.302 | 75 | 74 | 0.907 | 1 | 1 | 1.000 | 82 | 76 | 0.173 | 4 | 4 | 1.000 | |||
| E. cloacae (27; 65) | 7 | 2 | 0.205 | 33 | 34 | 1.000 | 15 | 29 | 0.190 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 30 | 40 | 0.477 | 0 | 3 | 1.000 | |||
| C. freundii (6; 12) | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 17 | 0.529 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 17 | 0 | 0.333 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | |||
| S. marcescens (7; 82) | 14 | 100 | <0.0001 | 0 | 71 | 0.0004 | 0 | 69 | 0.0005 | 0 | 9 | 1.000 | 0 | 67 | 0.001 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | |||
| P. aeruginosa (80; 115) | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 23 | 23 | 1.000 | 9 | 0 | 0.002 | 30 | 26 | 0.626 | 3 | 2 | 1.000 | |||
| B. mutivorans (59; 139) | 7 | 4 | 0.488 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | |||
| S. maltophilia (10; 16) | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 22 | 0 | 0.138 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 70 | 100 | 0.046 | 50 | 88 | 0.069 | |||
| A. baumannii (7; 40) | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 71 | 0 | <0.0001 | 71 | 0 | <0.0001 | 71 | 0 | <0.0001 | 71 | 8 | 0.001 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | |||
| I. time-frame 1 November 2018–30 April 2019, | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | ||||||
| II. time-frame 1 November 2020–30 April 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Species (No. of isolates in I. and II. time-frame) | OXA | COT | ERY | CLI | CIP | ||||||||||||||||
| S. aureus (31; 45) | 0 | 7 | 0.266 | 0 | 5 | 0.511 | 42 | 24 | 0.135 | 42 | 27 | 0.216 | 0 | 9 | 0.141 | ||||||
| GEN | TIG | TEI | VAN | TET | |||||||||||||||||
| S. aureus (31; 45) | 13 | 7 | 0.434 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 3 | 7 | 0.641 | ||||||
| I. time-frame 1 November 2018–30 April 2019, | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | I. | II. | p | |||||||||
| II. time-frame 1 November 2020–30 April 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Species (No. of isolates in I. and II. time-frame) | AMP | TIG | TEI | VAN | |||||||||||||||||
| E. faecalis (33; 38) | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 1.000 | |||||||||
| E. faecium (54; 210) | 100 | 100 | 1.000 | 13 | 0 | <0.0001 | 19 | 17 | 0.841 | 17 | 18 | 1.000 | |||||||||
Legend: I—period between 1 November 2018 and 30 April 2019, II—period between 1 November 2020 and 30 April 2021. AMS—ampicillin/sulbactam, CRX—cefuroxime, CTX—cefotaxime, CTZ—ceftazidime, CPM—cefepime, PPT—piperacillin/tazobactam, MER—meropenem, TIG—tigecycline, COT—co-trimoxazole, GEN—gentamicin, AMI—amikacin, CIP—ciprofloxacin, COL—colistin, OXA—oxacillin, ERY—erythromycin, CLI—clindamycin, TEI—teicoplanin, VAN—vancomycin, AMP—ampicillin.