Table 11.
Pharmacokinetic values for ceftiofur in exotic avian species.
| Dosage | Species | Weight (kg) | Cmax (μg/mL) | Tmax (h) | Half-Life (h) | AUC (μg·h/mL) | Clearance (mL/kg/min) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intramuscular | ||||||||
| 10 mg/kg SD | American black duck | 0.720–1.640 a | 13.1 | 24 | 32 | 783 | - | [78] |
| American flamingo | ≥2.4 | 7.49 ± 1.9 | 27 ± 13 | 39.9 ± 9.7 | 525 ± 123 | - | [76] | |
| Cockatiel | 0.091 ± 0.008 | 5.25 | - | 2.5 | 14.7 | 11.3 | [72] | |
| Helmeted guineafowl | 1–1.6 | 5.26 | 19.3 | 29.0 ± 4.93 | 306 ± 69.3 | - | [77] | |
| Orange-winged amazon parrot | 0.393 ± 0.032 | 10.99 | - | 7.9 | 43.8 | 3.8 | [72] | |
| Red-tailed hawk | 0.690–1.46 a | 6.8 | 6.4 | 29 | - | - | [73] | |
| 20 mg/kg SD | Cattle egret | 0.34 | 16.22 ± 5.11 | 3.20 ± 2.6 | 37.92 ± 7.49 | 451.30 ± 141.0 | - | [75] |
| Red-tailed hawk | 0.690–1.46 a | 15.1 | 6.7 | 50 | - | - | [73] | |
| 50 mg/kg SD | Ringneck dove | 0.156 a | - | - | - | - | - | [74] |
| Subcutaneous | ||||||||
| 10 mg/kg SD | American flamingo | ≥2.4 | 6 and 4.5 in 2 different birds | 48 and 12 in 2 different birds | - | - | - | [76] |
SD = single dose; Cmax = peak plasma drug concentration; Tmax = time to peak plasma drug concentration; AUC = area under the plasma concentration versus time curve. a: weight of American black duck, helmeted guineafowl, red-tailed hawk, and ringneck dove were obtained from https://www.ducks.org/hunting/waterfowl-id/american-black-duck (accessed on 1 May 2022), https://www.marylandzoo.org/animal/helmeted-guinea-fowl/ (accessed on 1 May 2022), https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Red-tailed_Hawk/overview (accessed on 1 May 2022), and https://sharon.audubon.org/our-resident-ring-necked-dove (accessed on 1 May 2022), respectively, as full text of article was not available.