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. 2022 Jun 14;10(6):1410. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10061410

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic illustration summarizing the AML tumor microenvironment and current immunotherapeutic strategies. AML blasts residing in the bone marrow evade elimination through interaction with the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is composed of a complex network or stromal cells (fibroblasts, mesenchymal, and endothelial cells), extracellular matrix, immune cells (NK cells, TAMS, T and B lymphocytes), and the soluble factor they secrete. Together the components of the TME orchestrate the survival and proliferation of tumor cells. Approaches to target the immunosuppressive microenvironment include the use of CAR T cell, ICI, BiTE, and TIL immunotherapy or the use of natural products, such as vitamin D, C, B6, and E. Abbreviations: AML, Acute myeloid leukemia; TIL, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte; MSC, mesenchymal stromal cell; TAM, tumor associated macrophage; MDSC, myeloid derived suppressor cell; Treg, regulatory T cell, BiTE, bispecific T cell engager; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; NK, natural killer cell; IDO, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase; ARG, arginase II; ROS, reactive oxygen species; IL, interleukin; PD-L1/PD, programmed cell death/ligand 1; TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; TGF, transforming growth factor; NKG2D, natural killer group 2 member D; KIR, Killer IG-like receptor. Image created with Biorender.com (accessed on 17 May 2022).