Table 1.

Pivotal genes that have been involved in PCOS etiology.

Gene	Encoded Protein	Implication	Reference
INSR	Insuline receptor	Insulin secretion and action	[27]
CAPN10	Calpain 10 protein		[28]
IRS1, IRS2	Insulin receptor substrates IRS1 and IRS2		[29]
FSHR	Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor	Gonadotropin release regulation	[30]
LH	Beta subunit of luteinizing hormone		[31]
AMH	Anti-Müllerian hormone		[32]
CYP21	21-hydroxylase enzyme	Synthesis pathways of steroid hormones	[33]
CYP11a	A cytochrome P450 enzyme		[34]
CYP19	Cytochrome P450 aromatase	Androgen synthesis pathways	[35]
CYP17	Enzyme cytochrome P450-C17		[36,37]
TNF-α	The cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor	inflammation	[38]
SHBG	Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin	Regulation the androgen level in the body	[39]