Table 3.

Differentially methylated genes reported in tissues from patients with PCOS.

Genes	DNA Methylation Mechanism	Tissue	Clinical Effects Related to DNA Methylation Changes	References
LY6G6F, KCTD21, ADCY9, RABL2B, ZNF611, VASH1, FST, LMNA, PPARGC1A	Hypermethylation	Peripheral blood	Increased prolactin and estradiol levels in serum, increased free androgen index, insulin resistance, increased triglyceride levels in plasma and risk for metabolic syndrome	[61,62]
L-1, TMSB15B, RPF1, DNA2, EPHA8, LHCGR EPHX1	Hypomethylation
MATN4, DLGAP2, CDH13, GAREM2, GSC, ANKRD34C, ATP8B2 PPARG	Hypermethylation	Granulosa cells	Hyperandrogenism	[62,63,64]
L-1, LHCGR, SMG6, CCR5, LHB, NTN1, ARFGAP1, MDGA1, NCOR1, YAP1, CD9, NR4A1, EDN2, BNIP3, LIF	Hypomethylation
ZZEF1, TPT1, STUB1, DMAP1, RAB5B, PPARG, SVEP1, SAV1, RORA, RAB6A CNST	Hypermethylation	Subcutaneous adipose tissue	Oligomenorrhea; Increased testosterone levels in circulation	[60]
PUM1, DIP2C, SNX8, SRGAP3, ZFHX3, OR52W1and BBX	Hypomethylation
TET1 ROBO 1 CDKN1A HDC IGFBPL1 IRS4	Hypomethylation	Ovarian tissue	Pathogenesis of PCOS	[65]
TNIK	Hypermethylation	Granulosa cells	Altered metabolic profile	[61]
TNF	Hypermethylation	Granulosa cells	Inflammation and hyperandrogenism	[66]
AKR1C3 CASR GHRHR RETN MAMLD1	Hypomethylation	Granulosa cells	Hyperandrogenism and hormonal disbalance	[66]