Table 3.
Comparison between the different maximum angles obtained by the ankle and knee of the leg with the AFO at the stance phase.
| Reference | N | Healthy/ Unhealthy |
Ankle Dorsiflexion (°) |
Ankle Plantarflexion (°) |
Knee Flexion (°) |
Knee Extension (°) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cha et al., 2017 [15] | 1 | Unhealthy | 22 | −8 | NA | NA |
| Liu et al., 2019 [22] | 12 | Unhealthy | 0 | −2 | 13 | 5 |
| Sarma et al., 2019 [23] | >1 | No Data | 10 | 1 | NA | NA |
| Mavroidis et al., 2011 [26] | 1 | Healthy | 15 | −8 | NA | NA |
| Chae et al., 2020 [28] | 1 | Unhealthy | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Vasiliauskaite et al., 2019 [31] | 6 | Unhealthy | 13 | 0.2 | 12.8 | −2 |
| Telfer et al., 2012 [32] | 1 | Healthy | 18 1; 16 2 | 0 1; −3 2 | 19 1; 15 2 | 10 1; 8 2 |
| Lin, Lin, and Chen, 2017 [33] | 1 | Healthy | NA | NA | 20 | −1 |
| Choi et al., 2017 [34] | 8 | Healthy | 10 | −5 | 17 | 5 |
| Harper et al., 2014 [30] | 13 | Unhealthy | 6.55 3; 5.86 4; 5.68 5 | −6.59 3; −6.03 4; −5.96 5 | 13.38 3; 15.71 4; 17.17 5 | NA |
| Creylman et al., 2013 [29] | 8 | Unhealthy | NA | -3 | 19 | NA |
| Ranz et al., 2016 [35] | 13 | Unhealthy | 5.83 6; 5.19 7; 4.87 8 | −0.68 6; −0.61 7; −0.65 8 | 17.34 6; 17.46 7; 17.85 8 | 5.21 6; 4.69 7; 4.91 8 |
NA: Not Applicable. 1 AFO with high stiffness; 2 AFO with lowered stiffness; 3 AFO stiffness compliant; 4 AFO stiffness nominal; 5 AFO stiffness stiff; 6 AFO with low bending axis; 7 AFO with middle bending axis; 8 AFO with high bending axis.