Table 1.
Characteristics of case patients colonized/infected with QREC and matched control patients colonized/infected with FQ-susceptible E. coli and univariate conditional logistic regression analyses.
| Variable | Cases a N = 403 |
Controls a N = 933 |
Crude OR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Median (IQ) | 78 (68–85) | 74 (59–84) | 1.17 b (1.10–1.25) | <0.0001 |
| Gender, Male (%) | 176 (43.03) | 291 (31.19) | 1.66 (1.30–2.11) | <0.0001 |
| Drug’s DDD taken in previous 5 years, Median (IQ) | 4760 (1741–8074) | 2869 (256–6190) | 1.07 c (1.04–1.10) | <0.0001 |
| Number of active ingredients taken in previous 5 years, Median (IQ) | 17 (9–24) | 10 (4–18) | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | <0.0001 |
| At least one FQ in previous 1st year (%) | 161 (39.36) | 148 (15.86) | 3.87 (2.88–5.18) | <0.0001 |
| At least one FQ taken in previous 2nd year (%) | 129 (31.54) | 142 (15.22) | 2.72 (2.04–3.64) | <0.0001 |
| At least one FQ taken in previous 3rd, 4th or 5th year (%) | 173 (42.30) | 261 (27.97) | 1.90 (1.49–2.44) | <0.0001 |
| FQ prescriptions in previous year (%) 0 |
248 (60.64) |
785 (84.14) |
Ref. |
|
| 1 | 72 (17.60) | 83 (8.90) | 3.14 (2.17–4.53) | <0.0001 |
| 2 | 40 (9.78) | 35 (3.75) | 3.80 (2.33–6.19) | <0.0001 |
| 3+ | 49 (11.98) | 30 (3.22) | 6.00 (3.55–10.17) | <0.0001 |
| Number of hospitalizations in previous 5 years, Median (IQ) | 4 (2–8) | 2 (0–4) | 3.67 (2.76–4.88) | <0.0001 |
| Hospitalization days, Median (IQ) | 48 (12–116) | 10 (0–41) | 1.07 d (1.05–1.09) | <0.0001 |
| Hospitalization with surgery (%) | 206 (50.37) | 370 (39.66) | 1.54 (1.23–1.95) | <0.0001 |
| Hospitalization with device implantation (%) | 44 (10.76) | 65 (6.97) | 1.57 (1.05–2.36) | 0.029 |
| Hospitalization with organ transplant (%) | 9 (2.20) | 18 (1.93) | 1.19 (0.53–2.66) | 0.673 |
| Diagnosis of chronic diseases (%) Cancer |
92 (22.49) |
156 (16.72) |
1.48 (1.11–1.98) |
0.008 |
| Diabetes | 108 (26.41) | 146 (15.65) | 1.90 (1.44–2.51) | <0.0001 |
| COPD | 166 (40.59) | 244 (26.15) | 2.01 (1.56–2.59) | <0.0001 |
| End-stage renal disease | 10 (2.44) | 15 (1.61) | 1.67 (0.75–3.72) | 0.213 |
a Number (%) of patients or median (IQ); b OR calculated for 10-year increments; c OR calculated for 1000-DDD increments; d OR calculated for 10-day increments. Abbreviations: QREC = quinolone-resistant E. coli.