Table 7.
Biomarkers associated with hepatic and renal metabolism.
| BIOMARKER | SAMPLE | CUT VALUES (FRAIL—NOT FRAIL) | FRAILTY SCALE | COUNTRY | YEAR | GROUP DESCRIPTION |
REFERENCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | Serum | 5.49 ± 1.29 (Frail) 5.00 ± 1.06 (Pre-frail) 5.25 ± 1.23 (Not Frail) |
Fried | Japan | 2017 | Group of 140 outpatients with probable Alzheimer’s disease, 65 years and older | Namioka, N. et al. (2017) [78] |
| Urate | Serum | Decreased in frailty | Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) | Japan | 2020 | Group of 19 participants, mean age 84.2 ± 6.9 years, 7 men and 12 women, of which 9 were diagnosed as frail (age 88.2 ± 6.8 years) and 10 as not frail (age 80.5 ± 4.7 years) |
Kameda, M., et al. (2020) [86] |
| Albumin (g/dL) | Serum | 3.92 ± 0.31 (Frail) 3.96 ± 0.29 (Pre-frail) 4.06 ± 0.26 (Not Frail) |
Fried | Japan | 2017 | Group of 140 outpatients with probable Alzheimer’s disease, 65 years and older | Namioka, N. et al. (2017) [78] |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | Serum | 0.54 ± 0.18 (Frail) 0.60 ± 0.21 (Pre-frail) 0.66 ± 0.22 (Not frail) |
Fried | Japan | 2017 | Group of 140 outpatients with probable Alzheimer’s disease, 65 years and older | Namioka, N. et al. (2017) [78] |
| Transferrin (ng/mL) | Plasma | 58.3 ± 10.2 (Frail) 43.4 ± 11.4 (Not Frail) |
Fried | United States | 2013 | Group of 65 people over 65 years old, n = 12 frail n = 22 not frail |
Darvin, K. et al., 2013 [107] |
| Cortisol (µg/dL) | Serum | Increased in frail older people | Fried | Spain | 2019 | Study group of 252 elderly people (82 men and 170 women) from Spain, whose age range was 65–102 years | Marcos-Perez, D. (2019) [162] |