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. 2022 Jun 2;10(6):1301. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10061301

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of retro-inverso synthetic peptide. (a) Antimicrobial activity of (ri)-r(P)ApoBSPro (μmol L−1) against four bacterial strains; reported data refer to assays performed in triplicate and heat maps show averaged log10(CFU mL−1) values. (b) Anti-biofilm activity of (ri)-r(P)ApoBSPro on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA WKZ-2) and E. coli ATCC 25922 strains. The effects of increasing concentrations of (ri)-r(P)ApoBSPro peptide were evaluated on cells attachment and biofilm formation. Data represent the mean (±standard deviation, SD) of at least three independent experiments, each one carried out with triplicate determinations. (c) Effects of (ri)-r(P)ApoBSPro on biofilm formation in the case of E. coli ATCC 25922 by CLSM imaging. Two-dimensional structures of the biofilms were obtained by confocal z-stack using Zen Lite 2.3 software. Biovolume (µm3 µm−2) values were calculated by using Zen Lite 2.3 software. Significant differences were indicated as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, or ***** p < 0.00001 for treated vs. control samples, each experiment was carried out in triplicate.