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. 2022 Jun 11;11(6):792. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11060792

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Monthly antibiotic consumption measured in DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day for (A) all antibiotics for systemic use (ATC code J01) and (B) broad-spectrum antibiotics between January 2018 and June 2021 (IQVIA data). The plot shows the impact of each pandemic phase (reddish background) on antibiotic consumption based on the segmented regression analysis. The solid line shows the estimates of the segmented regression model; the dotted line is the estimated regression model assuming the pandemic had not occurred. The dots show the effective consumption per month. Data source: IQVIA sales data (Sell-in) from pharmaceutical industries to the hospital sector. 1st w, 1st wave; Int. period., intermediate periods.