Table 5.
The effects of BPA and its analogues on the StAR protein in testicular steroidogenesis. Abbreviations: ↑ Increase; ↓ Decrease.
| Type of Bisphenol |
Purity (Manufacturer) |
Dose (Route) | Animal/ Cells |
Duration of Exposure | Findings | Author |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPA | Sigma-Aldrich | in vivo: 20 mg/kg (i.p.) ex-vivo: 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mM of BPA |
C57BL/6J male wildtype (WT) mice Primary LCs |
7 days 24 h |
↓ StAR ↓ serum testosterone level |
[77] |
| BPA | >99% (Merck) |
10 µM BPA (diluted in 0.1% ethanol) in drinking water | Pregnant mice (testes embryo) | 10.5 days post-coïtum (dpc) to 18.5 dpc. | Combination of radiation and BPA: ↓ gene expression (combination of StAR, Hsd3b1 and Hsd17b3) |
[78] |
| BPA | >99% (Sigma-Aldrich) |
In vivo: 10, 100 or 1000 pmol/testis (intratesticular injection) In vitro: 1, 10, 100, and 1000 nmol/L |
SD (60 days) |
In vivo: Post-EDS days 7–28 for 21 days | In vivo: 100 and 1000 pmol/testis of BPA from post-EDS day 14–28: ↑ serum testosterone ↑ Leydig cell-specific gene (Lhr, Star and their protein expression levels. No alteration: LH, FSH & proliferative capacity of Leydig cells in vivo. In vitro: 100 nmol/L stimulated the differentiation of stem Leydig cells by: ↑ testosterone levels up-regulating Leydig cell-specific Lhr gene and proteins but did not affect their proliferation. |
[80] |
| BPAF | >99% (Tokyo Chemical Industry) |
0, 0.1, 1, 10, 30, 50, and 70 mM | mLTC-1 cell | 24 h | ↓ StAR after exposure to 70 mM BPAF. No alteration of StAR after treated with 22R-hydroxycholesterol |
[49] |
| BPB | >98% (Tokyo Chemical Industry) |
10, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day (Oral gavage) |
Male SD | (PND) 35 to PND 56 | No effects of expression of StAR | [67] |
| BPA | NA | BPA (10 μg/L) (tank) | Male medaka fish | from 8 h post-fertilization (as embryos) to adulthood 50 days post fertilization (dpf) |
↑ expression StAR gene pattern | [79] |
| BPA, BPF and BPS | Sigma Aldrich | BPA: 10−8 M BPF: 10−8 M BPS: 10−8 M |
Germ cell line | 24, 48, 72 h | ↑ StAR gene expression at 24, 48 and 72 h exposure | [82] |
| BPA, BPE and BPS | Sigma Aldrich | 0.5 or 50 mg/kg/day | CD-1 mice | GD7 to birth | ↑ relative mRNA expression of Star in BPS | [81] |
| BPA | Sigma Aldrich | 10 µM 100 µM |
Fetal testis | 5 days | ↑ StAR gene expression in BPA-treated fetal & BPA exposed testes | [83] |
| BPS | 98% (Sigma Aldrich) |
50 μg/L (drinking water) |
Male Wistar rats on the post-natal day (PND) 21 | 10 weeks | In silico docking: illustrate BPS binds with StAR protein | [58] |