TABLE 2.
Characteristics of Children, Their Primary Caregivers, and Households With and Without FFE
| All CSHCN Who Had an Employed Caregiver Within the Past 12 mo (Unweighted N = 14050), Weighted % (95% CI) | Subgroups |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Forgone Employment (Unweighted n = 12 327), Weighted % (95% CI) | Any Forgone Employment (Unweighted n = 1723), Weighted % (95% CI) | P | ||
| Child age, y | ||||
| 0–5 | 18.0 (16.5–19.4) | 16.3 (14.9–17.8) | 27.6 (22.7–32.5) | <.01 |
| 6–11 | 38.3 (36.3–40.3) | 38.1 (36.0–40.1) | 39.9 (33.7–46.2) | — |
| 12–17 | 43.7 (41.7–45.6) | 45.6 (43.5–47.7) | 32.5 (27.6–37.3) | — |
| Child sex | ||||
| Male | 57.6 (55.6–59.6) | 56.9 (54.8–59.0) | 61.6 (56.2–67.1) | .12 |
| Female | 42.4 (40.4–44.4) | 43.1 (40.9–45.2) | 38.4 (32.9–43.8) | — |
| Child race and/or ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 54.5 (52.5–56.6) | 56.1 (53.9–58.3) | 45.0 (39.4–50.6) | .01 |
| Hispanic | 22.6 (20.5–24.8) | 20.9 (18.7–23.1) | 32.8 (25.9–39.7) | — |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 13.9 (12.3–15.5) | 14.0 (12.2–15.8) | 13.4 (9.8–16.9) | — |
| Other | 9.0 (8.0–9.9) | 9.0 (7.9–10.0) | 8.8 (6.7–11.0) | — |
| Child insurance coverage | ||||
| Private only | 55.3 (53.2–57.4) | 58.1 (55.8–60.3) | 38.7 (33.6–43.8) | .01 |
| Any public | 40.9 (38.3–43.1) | 38.0 (35.7–40.2) | 58.6 (53.2–63.9) | — |
| No coverage | 3.8 (2.9–4.6) | 3.9 (3.0–4.9) | 2.7 (0.6–4.9) | — |
| Child health status | ||||
| Excellent or very good | 73.5 (71.4–75.7) | 77.0 (74.7–79.3) | 53.2 (47.1–59.3) | .01 |
| Good, fair, or poor | 26.5 (24.3–28.6) | 23.0 (20.7–25.3) | 46.8 (40.7–52.8) | — |
| Child’s special health care need type | ||||
| Functional limitations (any) | 25.3 (23.2–27.4) | 20.9 (18.7–23.0) | 51.6 (45.7–57.5) | .01 |
| Prescription medications (only) | 32.2 (30.4–33.9) | 35.7 (33.7–37.7) | 11.0 (7.6–14.4) | — |
| Above-routine service use or specialized services (only) | 16.7 (15.3–18.1) | 16.9 (15.4–18.3) | 15.6 (11.3–19.9) | — |
| Prescription medication and above-routine service use | 25.8 (24.3–27.4) | 26.5 (24.8–28.2) | 21.8 (17.5–26.0) | |
| Child’s level of special health care need complexity | ||||
| Less complex health needs | 32.1 (30.4–33.9) | 35.7 (33.8–37.7) | 11.0 (7.6–14.4) | .01 |
| More complex health needs | 67.9 (66.1–69.6) | 64.3 (62.3–66.2) | 89.0 (85.6–92.4) | — |
| Child was reported as receiving care in medical home | ||||
| Care met medical home criteria | 45.1 (43.2–47.1) | 48.7 (46.6–50.7) | 24.2 (19.8–28.6) | .01 |
| Care did not meet medical home criteria | 54.8 (52.9–56.8) | 51.3 (49.2–53.4) | 75.8 (71.4–80.2) | — |
| Caregiver age in years, mean | 42.5 (42.1–42.9) | 42.9 (42.5–43.3) | 40.3 (39.5–41.2) | .01 |
| Caregiver sex | ||||
| Male | 23.6 (22.1–25.1) | 24.5 (22.8–26.2) | 18.4 (14.7–22.1) | .01 |
| Female | 76.4 (74.9–77.9) | 75.5 (73.8–77.2) | 81.6 (77.9–85.3) | — |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| Less than high school | 24.7 (22.5–26.9) | 23.4 (21.1–25.6) | 32.5 (25.6–39.4) | .01 |
| More than high school | 75.3 (73.1–77.5) | 76.6 (74.4–78.8) | 67.5 (60.6–74.4) | — |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married or living with partner | 77.0 (75.3–78.7) | 77.3 (75.5–79.1) | 75.3 (70.8–79.8) | .41 |
| Never married, divorced, separated, or widowed | 23.0 (21.3–24.6) | 22.7 (20.8–24.5) | 24.7 (20.2–29.2) | — |
| Caregiver mental health | ||||
| Fair or poor | 7.6 (6.2—8.9) | 7.2 (5.6–8 7) | 9.9 (7.3–12.5) | .07 |
| Excellent, very good, or good | 92.4 (91.1–93.8) | 92.8 (91.2–94.4) | 90.1 (87.5–92.7) | — |
| Caregiver physical health | ||||
| Fair or poor | 10.0 (8.5–11.5) | 9.9 (8.1–11.6) | 10.8 (7.9–13.6) | .60 |
| Excellent, very good, or good | 90.0 (88.5–91.5) | 90.1 (88.4–91.9) | 89.2 (86.4–92.1) | — |
| Flousehold Size | ||||
| ≤4 persons | 58.0 (55.9–60.1) | 57.9 (55.7–60.1) | 58.6 (52.3–64.9) | .84 |
| >4 persons | 42.0 (39.9–44.1) | 43.1 (39.9–44.2) | 41.4 (35.1–47.7) | — |
| Household FPL ratio, % | ||||
| <100 | 16.5 (14.6–18.4) | 15.0 (13.2–16.8) | 25.4 (18.5–32.2) | .01 |
| 100–199 | 22.5 (20.6–24.5) | 22.2 (20.0–24.3) | 24.4 (19.5–29.4) | — |
| 200–399 | 30.2 (28.5–31.9) | 30.6 (28.7–32.4) | 28.2 (23.7–32.7) | — |
| >400 | 30.8 (29.2–32.3) | 32.2 (30.5–33.9) | 22.0 (18.5–25.6) | — |
| Participation in government assistance program | ||||
| Any | 43.6 (41.5–45.7) | 41.6 (39.3–43.7) | 56.0 (50.4–61.6) | .01 |
| Government cash assistance | 4.7 (3.2—6.2) | 4.1 (2.8–5.4) | 8.3 (1.6–15.0) | .10 |
| Use of food stamps or SNAP | 20.2 (18.1–22.2) | 18.4 (16.3–20.4) | 31.0 (24.1–37.9) | .01 |
| Free or reduced lunch | 38.6 (36.4–40.7) | 36.7 (34.5–39.0) | 49.5 (43.4–55.5) | .01 |
| WIC | 11.0 (9.6–12.5) | 10.2 (8.6–11.7) | 16.1 (11.8–20.5) | .01 |
| Annual spending on child’s health care, $ | ||||
| 0 (no health care-related expenses) | 29.1 (27.0–31.2) | 28.1 (25.9–30.3) | 35.2 (28.7–41.8) | .01 |
| 1–999 | 47.0 (45.0–49.0) | 49.6 (47.5–51.7) | 31.6 (26.5–36.7) | — |
| 1000–5000 | 19.5 (18.2–20.9) | 18.9 (17.5–20.3) | 23.4 (19.0–27.8) | — |
| >5000 | 4.4 (3.6—5.0) | 3.4 (2.7–4.1) | 9.8 (7.6–12.0) | — |
| No. hours per week spent on child’s medical care | ||||
| 0 | 69.7 (67.8–71.7) | 75.0 (73.1–76.9) | 38.3 (32.7–42.8) | .01 |
| <1 | 13.0 (11.8–14.2) | 13.4 (12.0–14.6) | 11.4 (8.7–14.1) | — |
| 1–4 | 9.0 (8.0–10.1) | 6.8 (5.9–14.6) | 22.1 (17.4–26.8) | — |
| 5–10 | 3.5 (2.3–4.7) | 1.8 (1.1–2.6) | 13.1 (6.7–19.7) | — |
| ≥11 | 4.8 (3.6—5.9) | 3.0 (1.8–4.3) | 15.1 (11.9–18.5) | — |
| No. hours per week spent on care coordination | ||||
| 0 | 68.3 (66.5–70.2) | 73.4 (71.6–75.3) | 38.0 (31.7–44.4) | .01 |
| <1 | 20.4 (18.9–21.8) | 19.8 (18.3–21.3) | 23.9 (20.0–27.9) | — |
| 1–4 | 9.0 (7.8–10.2) | 5.5 14.4–6.5) | 29.7 (24.7–34.8) | — |
| 5–10 | 1.2 (0.9,16) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 4.7 12.7–6.5) | — |
| ≥11 | 1.1 (0.2–2.1) | 0.7 (0.0–1.8) | 3.7 (2.1–5.2) | — |
—, not applicable.