Table 4.
A summary of representative experiments demonstrating that sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of antimicrobial agents upregulated pathogenic genes.
| Biocide | Concentration | Species | Condition of Bacteria | Incubation Time | Upregulated Genes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NaF, CHG, Tea polyphenol |
1/2 MIC | S. mutans | Planktonic | 24 h | gtfB, gtfC, luxS, comD, comE | [108] |
| NaF, CHG, Tea polyphenol |
1/2 MIC | S. mutans | Biofilm | 24 h | gtfB, gtfC, luxS, comD, comE | [108] |
| Triclosan | 1/2 and 1/4 MIC |
S. mutans | Planktonic | 2 h | atlA, gtfB, gtfC, comD, luxS | [109] |
| MTAD, MTADN, MTAN | 1/4 MIC | Porphyromonas gingivalis | Planktonic | 1 h |
clpC, clpP (MTAD, MTADN, MTAN), sprE (MTAD, MTADN), ace, clpX, cylB, efaA, gelE (MTAN) |
[110] |
| CHG | 1/10 MIC |
S. mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii |
Biofilm | 48 h | gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, comD, luxS | [107] |
MTAD: 3% doxycycline, 4.5% citric acid, and 0.5% polysorbate 80 detergent. MTADN: nisin combined with MTAD. MTAN: nisin in place of doxycycline in MTAD.