Table 1.
Studies of vascular grafts for achieving good mechanical properties and patency.
| Manufacturing Method | Component | Development Level | Comments | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gore-tex® | ePTFE | in vitro in vivo (pig model) |
Low patency; only two/seven (29%) after six months. Mechanical properties deviate significantly from living tissue. Compliance of 0.0034 ± 0.0004 (%/mmHg) from 80 to 120 mmHg. |
[14,15] |
| electrospinning fiber | PCL | in vivo (rat model) | Patency until 18 months. Reendothelialization and cell infiltration into the graft developed rapidly for up to six months. |
[14] |
| electrospinning fiber | PU/PCL PU/PCL-heparin |
in vitro in vivo (rabbit model) |
A dual functional polyurethane for mimics of blood vessel inner surfaces by combining surface texture and nitric oxide (NO) release. Compliance of 0.0360 ± 0.0018 (%/mmHg) from 80 to 120 mmHg. Patency after 5 months with increased intimal thickening and blood flow speed |
[12,16] |
| Mesh coated in additional polymers | P(LA/CL) and PGA or PLLA, autologous BM-MNCs |
in vivo (human trial) | First human clinical trial. Complete disassembly of scaffolding. |
[17] |
| Mesh with a coating(sponge) | Silk fibroin/ silk fibroin |
in vivo (canine model) | Patency until one year. Development of elastic fibers and progress of endothelialization. Compliance of 0.019 (%/mmHg) at 100 mmHg. |
[18] |
| Decellularized tissue | Pig’s carotid artery | in vitro | First decellularized tissue material. Slightly lower maximum burst pressure than native tissue. |
[19] |
| Decellularized tissue | Human placenta, Tissues crosslinked by riboflavin-mediated UV and coating with heparin | in vivo (rat model) | Patency after four weeks without the use of anticoagulants. Compliance of 0.094 (%/mmHg) at 100 (mmHg) before implanting. Rapid cell migration (host cells migrated from the lumen and the adventitial side into the vessel walls) and vascular graft remodeling decreased graft compliance. |
[20] |
| Decellularized tissue with electrospinning fiber |
Rat’s aorta, PCL blended with rapamycin |
in vivo (rat model) | Sustained release of the drug from the PCL nanofiber layer reduces neointimal hyperplasia. Progression of reendothelialization and M2 macrophage polarization at 12 weeks. |
[21] |
| Decellularized tissue | Ostrich carotid artery modified with REDV peptide |
in vivo (pig model) | Long bypass graft 20–30 cm in length. No thrombus formation on the luminal surface during 20 days of observation without anticoagulant administration. |
[13] |