Table 2.
Current clinical trials in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
| Therapy | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trial Identifier | Status | Observations | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fresolimumab | Antibody to neutralize TGFβ | NCT00125385 | Phase I completed | - | |
| Lebrikizumab | Anti-IL-13 and IL-14 antibody | NCT01872689 | Phase II completed | [147] | |
| Tralokinumab | Anti-IL-13 antibody | NCT01629667 | Phase II terminated (lack of efficacy) | The study was stopped due to lack of efficacy | [146] |
| NCT02036580 | Phase II completed | Early termination due to lack of efficacy | - | ||
| Pamrevlumab (FG-3019) | Anti-CTGF antibody | NCT01890265 | Phase II completed | Preliminary report shows overall safety and marginally favorable outcome in some patients | [149] |
| NCT03955146 | Phase III recruiting | - | |||
| BG00011 (STX-100) | Anti-integrin antibody | NCT01371305 | Phase II completed | This trial was terminated due to safety concerns | - |
| Simtuzumab | Anti-LOX antibody | NCT01769196 | Phase II terminated | The study recommended early termination due to lack of efficacy | [151] |
| PRM-151 | Recombinant human pentraxin 2 (also known as serum amyloid P) | NCT01254409 | Phase I | A preliminary report showed overall safety and a marginally favorable outcome in some patients | [157] |
| NCT02550873 | Phase II completed | Decreased pulmonary function decline and stability in 6MWD over 24 weeks | [160] | ||
| NCT04594707 | Phase III recruiting | ||||
| PBI-4050 | GPR84 antagonist/GPR40 agonist | NCT02538536 | Phase II completed | PBI-4050 alone or in combination with nintedanib or pirfenidone showed no safety concerns | [159] |
Abbreviations: FVC: forced vital capacity; IL: interleukin; LOX: lysyl oxidase; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor 1; IPF: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; 6MWD: 6-min walk distance.