Table 1.
Demographic subject data.
| Group | Control | PG | EG | p-Value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 137 | 358 | 168 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||
| n | 137 | 358 | 168 | |
| Mean ± SD | 73.4 ± 10.9 | 66.1 ± 10.7 | 75.1 ± 8.6 | <0.0001 ** |
| 95% CI | 71.5 to 75.2 | 65.0 to 67.2 | 73.7 to 76.3 | |
| vs. control, p < 0.0001 b ## | vs. control, p = 0.1322 b | |||
| vs. PG, p < 0.0001 b ## | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male, n (%) | 64 (47) | 203 (57) | 90 (54) | 0.1364 |
| Female, n (%) | 73 (53) | 155 (43) | 78 (46) | |
| BCVA (logMAR) | ||||
| n | 137 | 358 | 168 | |
| Mean ± SD | 0.16 ± 0.22 | 0.19 ± 0.42 | 0.35 ± 0.61 | 0.0003 ** |
| 95% CI | 0.13 to 0.20 | 0.15 to 0.24 | 0.25 to 0.44 | |
| vs. control, p = 0.4680 b | vs. control, p = 0.0010 b ## | |||
| vs. PG, p = 0.0008 b ## | ||||
| IOP (mmHg) | ||||
| n | 90 | 357 | 168 | |
| Mean ± SD | 15.0 ± 2.7 | 15.4 ± 7.0 | 18.0 ± 9.2 | 0.0004 ** |
| 95% CI | 14.4 to 15.6 | 14.7 to 16.2 | 16.6 to 19.4 | |
| vs. control, p = 0.5504 b | vs. control, p = 0.0030 b ## | |||
| vs. PG, p = 0.0006 b ## | ||||
| Highest IOP (mmHg) | ||||
| 92 | 358 | 168 | ||
| Mean ± SD | 15.4 ± 3.5 | 21.4 ± 8.6 | 27.1 ± 11.4 | <0.0001 ** |
| 95% CI | 14.6 to 16.1 | 20.5 to 22.3 | 25.4 to 28.9 | |
| vs. control, p < 0.0001 b ## | vs. control, p < 0.0001 b ## | |||
| vs. PG, p < 0.0001 b ## | ||||
| No. of glaucoma medications | ||||
| n | 137 | 358 | 168 | |
| Mean ± SD | 0 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | < 0.0001 ** |
| 95% CI | 2.4 to 2.7 | 2.3 to 2.7 | ||
| vs. control, p < 0.0001 b ## | vs. control, p < 0.0001b ## | |||
| vs. PG, p = 0.8741b | ||||
| MD (dB) | ||||
| n | 358 | 168 | ||
| Mean ± SD | – | −15.9 ± 8.4 | −18.0 ± 9.8 | 0.0114 ** |
| 95% CI | −16.8 to −15.0 | −19.4 to –16.7 | ||
| Pseudophakia | ||||
| Yes, n (%) | 19 (14) | 179 (50) | 119 (71) | <0.0001 ** |
| No, n (%) | 118 (86) | 179 (50) | 49 (29) | |
| vs. control, p < 0.0001 b ## | vs. control, p < 0.0001 b ## | |||
| vs. PG, p < 0.0001 b ## | ||||
| Current smoking | ||||
| Yes, n (%) | 15 (11) | 41 (12) | 18 (11) | 0.9586 |
| No, n (%) | 122 (89) | 315 (88) | 150 (89) | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes, n (%) | 21 (21) | 53 (23) | 26 (20) | 0.8220 |
| No, n (%) | 78 (79) | 177 (77) | 102 (80) | |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes, n (%) | 48 (49) | 133 (55) | 85 (65) | 0.0449 * |
| No, n (%) | 49 (51) | 107 (45) | 45 (35) | |
| vs. control, p = 0.3366 b | vs. control, p = 0.0205 b | |||
| vs. PG, p = 0.0764 b | ||||
| Vegetable intake score | ||||
| n | 134 | 349 | 167 | |
| 0, n (%) | 11 (8) | 25 (7) | 16 (10) | 0.8103 |
| 1, n (%) | 23 (17) | 48 (14) | 28 (17) | |
| 2, n (%) | 72 (54) | 191 (55) | 89 (53) | |
| 3, n (%) | 28 (21) | 85 (24) | 34 (20) | |
| Intraocular surgery | ||||
| Yes, n (%) | 19 (14) | 223 (62) | 122 (73) | <0.0001 ** |
| No, n (%) | 118 (86) | 135 (38) | 46 (27) | |
| vs. control, p < 0.0001 b ## | vs. control, p < 0.0001 b ## | |||
| vs. PG, p = 0.0235 b | ||||
| SCs (OD) | ||||
| n | 137 | 358 | 168 | |
| Mean ± SD | 327.8 ± 125.7 | 336.2 ± 125.6 | 330.6 ± 114.0 | 0.7974 |
| 95% CI | 306.6 to 348.9 | 323.2 to 349.3 | 313.2 to 347.9 | |
| AGEs (AU) | ||||
| n | 137 | 358 | 168 | |
| Mean ± SD | 0.45 ± 0.08 | 0.44 ± 0.08 | 0.48 ± 0.10 | <0.0001 ** |
| 95% CI | 0.43 to 0.46 | 0.43 to 0.45 | 0.46 to 0.49 | |
| vs. control, p = 0.6818 b | vs. control, p = 0.0012 b ## | |||
| vs. PG, p < 0.0001 b ## |
a p-Values were estimated by ANOVA for continuous variables and by G-test for categorical variables. b Post hoc tests were performed by t-test or Fisher’s exact probability test. Significance levels at 5% (p < 0.05) *, 1% (p < 0.01) **, and 1% (p < 0.0033) ##. PG, primary open-angle glaucoma; EG, exfoliation glaucoma.