Table 1.
Antimicrobial activity of NSAIDs.
| Drug | Drug in Combination | Kind of Study | Bacterial Inhibition | Strains Tested | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylsalicylic acid | - | In vitro | XTT reduction (%) by biofilms after 48 h ranging from 29.02 to 54.12 | C. albicans (ATCC 10231, ATCC 10231, ATCC 90028, ATCC 24433, 17a18), C. glabrata (ATCC 15126, 18a10) C. guilliermondii (ATCC 6260, a83, a410) | [35] |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | Anidulafungin | In vitro | XTT reduction (%) by biofilms after 48 h ranging from 41.54 to 82.81 | C. albicans (ATCC 10231, ATCC 10231, ATCC 90028, ATCC 24433, 17a18), C. glabrata (ATCC 15126, 18a10) C. guilliermondii (ATCC 6260, a83, a410) | [35] |
| Diclofenac | - | In vitro | XTT reduction (%) by biofilms after 48 h ranging from 44.54 to 60.98 | C. albicans (ATCC 10231, ATCC 10231, ATCC 90028, ATCC 24433, 17a18), C. glabrata (ATCC 15126, 18a10) C. guilliermondii (ATCC 6260, a83, a410) | [35] |
| Diclofenac | Anidulafungin | In vitro | XTT reduction (%) by biofilms after 48 h ranging from 54.28 to 71.04 | C. albicans (ATCC 10231, ATCC 10231, ATCC 90028, ATCC 24433, 17a18), C. glabrata (ATCC 15126, 18a10) C. guilliermondii (ATCC 6260, a83, a410) | [35] |
| Diclofenac | Anidulafungin | In vitro | MIC values ranging from 1.02 μg/mL to 2.05 μg/mL | C. albicans (ATCC 10231, ATCC 90028, A18, 10A12, 810), C. glabrata ATCC 15126, C. tropicalis (ATCC 750, 810) C. kefyr ATCC 204093, C. krusei (ATCC 6258, 31A29), C. parapsilosis (11A13, 1A1, 911, 910) | [36] |
| Diclofenac |
M. piperita Essential Oil |
In vitro | MIC values ranging from 0.05 μg/mL to 0.51 μg/mL | C. albicans (ATCC 10231, ATCC 90028, A18, 10A12, 810), C. glabrata ATCC 15126, C. tropicalis (ATCC 750, 810) C. kefyr ATCC 204093, C. krusei (ATCC 6258, 31A29), C. parapsilosis (11A13, 1A1, 911, 910) | [36] |
| Diclofenac |
P. graveolens Essential Oil |
In vitro | MIC values ranging from 0.05 μg/mL to 0.41 μg/mL | C. albicans (ATCC 10231, ATCC 90028, A18, 10A12, 810), C. glabrata ATCC 15126, C. tropicalis (ATCC 750, 810) C. kefyr ATCC 204093, C. krusei (ATCC 6258, 31A29), C. parapsilosis (11A13, 1A1, 911, 910) | [36] |
| Diclofenac | In vitro | MIC values ranging from 0.05 μg/mL to 0.82 μg/mL | C. albicans (ATCC 10231, ATCC 90028, A18, 10A12, 810), C. glabrata ATCC 15126, C. tropicalis (ATCC 750, 810) C. kefyr ATCC 204093, C. krusei (ATCC 6258, 31A29), C. parapsilosis (11A13, 1A1, 911, 910) | [36] | |
| 1.25% Diclofenac solution | In vitro | Reduction biofilm percentage of colony-forming units amounting to 84.71% | E. faecalis ATCC 29212 | [37] | |
| 2.5% Diclofenac solution | In vitro | Reduction percentage of colony-forming units amounting to 90.42% | E. faecalis ATCC 29212 | [37] | |
| 5% Diclofenac solution | In vitro | Reduction percentage of colony-forming units amounting to 98.62% | E. faecalis ATCC 29212 | [37] | |
| Ibuprofen | In vitro | XTT reduction (%) by biofilms after 48 h ranging from 16.26 to 64.43 | P. aeruginosa (PAO1, M5715, T63547, H25815), B. cenocepacia K562, B. multivorans SH2, B. cepacia 1753, B. cenocepacia HI4277 | [38] | |
| Ibuprofen | In vitro | XTT reduction (%) by biofilms after 48 h ranging from 51.31 to 64.22 | P. aeruginosa (PAO1, M5715, T63547, H25815), B. cenocepacia K562, B. multivorans SH2, B. cepacia 1753, B. cenocepacia HI4277 | [38] | |
| Ibuprofen | Number of log CFU/mL after treatment with IBU at 100 µg/mL ranging from 1.08 E to 7.94 E | P. aeruginosa (PAO1, M5715, T63547, H25815), B. cenocepacia K562, B. multivorans SH2, B. cepacia 1753, B. cenocepacia HI4277 | [38] | ||
| Ibuprofen | In vivo | Oral delivery of ibuprofen achieves therapeutic concentrations in serum (124.22 ± 15.40 µg/mL at 1 h post-treatment), reduces the bacterial burden (in lung and spleen), and improves survival in P. aeruginosa PAO1-infected mice | P. aeruginosa PAO1 | [38] | |
| Ibuprofen incorporated in epichlorohydrin-crosslinked chitosan microspheres | In vitro | Inhibition using 1 × 10−4 mol/L of microspheres | E. coli, S. aureus | [39] | |
| Celecoxib | In vitro | Impairs immune memory and affects CD4 T-cell phenotype, reduces IFNγ expression, and decreases protective capacity upon adoptive transfer in treated mice | M. tuberculosis ATCC 35801 | [40] |