Table 1.
Characteristics of observational studies.
| Reference | Study Design | Sample Size | PA Measure | Health Outcome | Association |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camhi et al., 2015 [36] | cross-sectional | 46 | ACC: ActiGraph GT3X+; triaxial Volume (min/d): LPA, MPA, VPA, MVPA, MVPA bout (10 min); TPA (counts/d); Steps (n/d). |
MS |
t-test: (1) MHO group had significantly higher levels of LPA compared to MUO; (2) No differences in MPA, VPA, MVPA, MVPA bouts, TPA, and steps between MHO and MUO groups. |
| Diniz et al., 2015 [37] | cross-sectional | 49 | ACC: ActiGraph GT3x; triaxial meeting/not meeting MVPA (150 min/w) |
TNF-alpha, Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR |
U-test: (1) Meeting MVPA volume had no effect on TNF-alpha, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR; |
| Graff et al., 2012 [38] | cross-sectional | 68 | PED: BP 148 Steps (n/d) |
TC, LDL, HDL, TG, FPG, PPG, Fasting insulin, Postprandial insulin, HOMA-IR |
t-test and U-test: (1) No differences in TC, LDL, HDL, TG, FPG, PPG between Group (Steps/d < 6000) and Group (Steps/d ≥ 6000); (2) Group (Steps/d < 6000) had higher fasting insulin, postprandial insulin and HOMA-IR than Group (Steps/d ≥ 6000). |
| Green et al., 2014 [39] | cross-sectional | 50 | ACC: ActiGraph GT3X+; triaxial Volume (min/d) of LPA, MVPA, MVPA bout (10 min) |
FPG, SBP, DBP, TG, TC, HDL, LDL, HOMA-IR, Fasting insulin, CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha |
Regression: (1) MVPA had no association with TG (adjusted for SB, VO2peak, BM) (2) LPA was favorably associated with TG, had no association with HOMA-IR (adjusted for MVPA, VO2peak, BM). Correlation: (1) LPA was favorably associated with TG, TC, HOMR-IR; had no association with FPG, SBP, DBP, HDL, LDL, fasting insulin, CRP, IL-6, TNF-alpha; (2) MVPA was favorably associated with CRP, TNF-alpha; had no association with FPG, SBP, DBP, TG, TC, HDL, LDL, HOMR-IR, fasting insulin, IL-6; (3) MVPA bouts were favorably associated with HOMA-IR, fasting insulin, CRP; had no association with FPG, SBP, DBP, TG, TC, HDL, LDL, IL-6, TNF-alpha. |
| Koniak-Griffin et al., 2014 [40] | cross-sectional | 210 | ACC: Kenz Lifecorder Plus; uniaxial Volume (min/d) of MVPA, MVPA bout (10 min) Steps (n/d) |
SBP, DBP, LDL, HDL, TC, TG, FPG |
Correlation: (1) Steps/d were favorably associated with TG; had no association with SBP, DBP, LDL, HDL, TC, FPG; (2) MVPA was favorably associated with HDL; unfavorably associated with TC; had no association with SBP, DBP, LDL, TG, FPG; (3) MVPA bouts had no association with SBP, DBP, LDL, HDL, TC, TG, FPG. |
| Lecheminant et al., 2011 [41] | cross-sectional | 264 | ACC: Actigraph; uniaxial Volume (min/w) of MPA, VPA meeting/not meeting MPA (150 min/w) |
HOMA-IR |
ANCOVA: age, weight, BMI, %BF, and ACi (1) Meeting MPA guidelines had favorable effect on HOMA-IR when adjusted for age or BM; (2) Meeting MPA guidelines had no effect on HOMA-IR when adjusted for %BF, BMI, or ACi; (3) Taking VPA ≥ 60 min/w had favorable effect on HOMA-IR when adjusted for age, BM or BMI; (4) Taking VPA ≥ 60 min/w had no effect on HOMA-IR when adjusted for %BF or ACi; |
| Loprinzi et al., 2012 [42] | cross-sectional | 535 | ACC: n/r Volume (min/d) of MVPA |
MS |
Regression: adjusted for age, race and smoking (1) MVPA was favorably associated with the odds of being MS; |
| Macena et al., 2021 [43] | cross-sectional | 58 | ACC: ActivPAL; triaxial Sitting/lying down (1.25 METs), Standing (1.4 METs), Walking 120 steps/min (4 METs) (h/d) Steps/d |
HOMA-IR |
ANOVA: (1) Sitting/lying down, standing, walking, and steps/d had no association with HOMA-IR; |
| Panton et al., 2007 [44] | cross-sectional | 35 | PED: Yamax Digi-Walker SW-200, sealed Steps (n/d) |
SBP, DBP; HbA1c, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, CRP |
ANOVA: (1) Group (Steps/d < 5000) had lower TC, LDL compared to Group (Steps/d ≥ 5000); (2) No differences in SBP, DBP, HbA1c, HDL, TG, CRP between Groups. |
| Slater et al., 2021 [45] | cross-sectional | 275 | ACC: ActiGraph w-GT3X, Acti-Watch; triaxial Volume (min/d) of MVPA TPA (cpm/d) |
HbA1c, FPG, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, SBP, DBP, Fasting insulin, CRP |
Regression: adjusted for age, socioeconomic, %BF (1) In Group (Pacific), TPA was positivelyunfavorably associated with SBP; (2) In Group (European), TPA was unfavorably associated with HbA1c and CRP; (3) In Group (Pacific), MVPA was unfavorably associated with fasting insulin; (4) In Group (European), MVPA was favorably associated with HDL and HOMA-IR, unfavorably associated with fasting insulin and CRP; (5) In all, TPA was unfavorably associated with CRP and fasting insulin; MVPA was favorably associated with HOMA-IR and HDL, unfavorably associated with CRP and fasting insulin. |
| Tabozzi et al., 2020 [46] | cross-sectional | 13 | ACC: ActiGraph GT3X + BT; triaxial %Volume: LPA, MPA, VPA Volume (min/d) of MVPA Steps (n/d) |
FPG, PPG |
Regression: adjusted for age, SB (1) MVPA was favorably associated with peak PPG; Correlation: (1) %LPA, %MPA, %VPA, MVPA, steps had no association with FPG; (2)%MPA, %VPA, MVPA were negatively associated with PPG; (3)%LPA and Steps had no association with PPG; |
| Vella et al., 2011 [47] | cross-sectional | 60 | ACC: Actigraph GT1M; uniaxial meeting/not meeting MVPA (30 min/d) |
FPG, Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, CRP, SBP, DBP |
t-test: (1) Meeting MVPA guidelines had favorable effects on TC and TG; |
| Vella et al., 2009 [48] | cross-sectional | 60 | ACC: Actigraph GT1M; uniaxial Steps (n/d) |
FPG, HDL, TG, SBP, DBP |
correlation: (1) Steps/d were favorably associated with FPG; Regression: adjusted for age, FFM, FM (1) Steps/d were favorably associated with HDL and TG; |
| Zając-Gawlak et al., 2017 [49] | cross-sectional | 85 | ACC: ActiGraph GT1M; uniaxial Steps (n/d) |
MS |
U test: (1) Group (Steps/d ≥ 12500) had lower number of MS criteria than Group (10,000–12,500) and Group(<10,000); (2) No differences in the number of MS between Group (10,000–12,500) and Group(<10,000); Odds ratios: Group (Steps/d ≥ 12500) had 3.84 times lower risk of being MS than Group (Steps/d < 12,500); |
Note: ACC, accelerometer; ACi, abdominal circumference; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FFM, fat-free mass; FPG, fasting glucose; FM, fat mass; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IL-6, interleukin-6; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LPA, low-intensity physical activity; METs, metabolic equivalents; MHO, metabolically healthy overweight/obese; MPA, moderate-intensity physical activity; MS, metabolic syndrome; MUO, metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity; PA, physical activity; PED, pedometer; PPG, postprandial glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-α; TPA, total physical activity; U-test, Mann–Whitney U-test; VO2peak, peak oxygen uptake; VPA, vigorous physical activity.