Table 1.
White blood cell- derived microvesicles’ source, detection methods, immunophenotypic characteristics, function, and association with diseases progression/initiation/prognosis or potential utility as disease biomarkers.
| White Blood Cell-Derived MVs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MVs Type | MVs Source | Isolation/Characterization Method | MVs Phenotype | Function/Role | Disease | Effects/Relation to Disease | References |
| Neutrophil-derived MVs (NMVs) | Stimulation of isolated PMNs (cell cultures) | Centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | PS+ NMVs | Classic pathway of complement activation | Systemic inflammation diseases | [36] | |
| Stimulation of isolated PMNs (cell cultures) | Centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD11b+ CD18+ MVs | Platelet activation | Atherosclerosis, Chronic Prothrombotic States, Cardiovascular Diseases | Pro-thrombotic effects | [37] | |
| Stimulation of isolated PMNs (cell cultures) | Centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | IL-1β+ NMVs | Immunomodulatory roles | Hyperglycemia | [38] | ||
| Stimulation of isolated PMNs (cell cultures) | Centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | miR-155 enriched NMVs | Induce cytokine release by ECs and stress signaling pathways | Vascular Inflammation, Atherosclerosis | Endothelial dysfunction, Atherosclerotic plaque development | [39,40,41] | |
| Stimulation of isolated PMNs (cell cultures) | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | MPO+ NMVs | ECs damage and vascular dysfunction | Vasculitis, Sepsis | [42] | ||
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD66b+ MVs accumulation | Pro-inflammatory effects | Sepsis, Trauma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer | Clinical outcome, Disease progression | [28,43,44,45,46,47] | |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD11b+ CD66+ PS+ MVs accumulation | Familial Hypercholesterolemia | Cardiovascular risk and coronary calcification and atherosclerotic plaque burden biomarker | [48] | ||
| Stimulation of isolated PMNs (cell cultures) | Centrifugation/Flow cytometry | Annexin A1+ NMVs | Anti-inflammatory cytokines release | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Protective role | [49,50] | |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD66b+ MVs accumulation | Infectious Endocarditis | Independent predictor of mortality | [51] | ||
| Lymphocyte-derived MVs (LMVs) | Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry & TEM | CD3+ and CD19+ MVs accumulation | Pro-inflammatory role | Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis (PM/DM) | Possible role in the pathogenesis of PM/DM | [52] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD45+ CD3+ PS+ MVs accumulation | Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Patients | Markers of lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques | [53] | ||
| Human lymphoid CEM T cell line (cell cultures) | Differential centrifugation/Immunoblot analysis | Sonic hedgehog+ LMVs | Endothelial damage repair, neovascularization | Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases | [54] | ||
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry & Elisa kit | CD11a+ MVs accumulation | Pro-inflammatory effects on vessels, endothelial dysfunction in arteries | Pre-eclampsia | [55] | ||
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry & Elisa kit | CD45+ CD3+ PS+ MVs accumulation | Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) | Potential prognostic biomarkers of incident CVD | [56] | ||
| Primary CLL B-cells | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD52+ MVs accumulation | Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia | Disease progression | [57] | ||
| Apoptotic Lymphocyte-derived MVs (aLMVs) | Apoptotic human lymphoid CEM T cell line (cell cultures) | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD44+ aLMVs accumulation | Inhibition of dendritic cells function | HIV-1 | Promising therapeutic targets | [58] |
| Apoptotic human lymphoid CEM T cell line (cell cultures) & Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Prothrombinase assay & Immunostaining | Fas-L+ aLMVs accumulation | Endothelial function impairment, vascular hyporeactivity induction | Diabetes, Inflammatory diseases | [59,60] | ||
| Atherosclerotic plaque-derived aLMVs | Differential centrifugation/Prothrombinase assay & Elisa assay | CD11a+ PS+ and TF+ aLMVs | Procoagulant activity | Atherosclerosis | Plaque thrombogenicity determinants | [61] | |
| Apoptotic human CEM T lymphocytes line (cell cultures) | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | PS+ aLMVs | Retinal angiogenesis suppression | Ischemic retinopathy | Promising therapeutic approach | [62] | |
| Natural Killer-derived MVs (NKMVs) | Stimulation of NK Cell Line | Differential centrifugation/DLS & Immunoblot analysis | Perforin, granzymes A and B, granulysin, FasL and miRNAs enriched NKMVs | Inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of tumor cell lines | Potentially effective, safe, and universal immunotherapeutic agents | [63,64] | |
| Blood samples | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | Low levels of CD45+ CD16+ CD56+ MVs | Defect in active NK cell death induction | Pre-eclampsia | [65] | ||
| Monocyte-derived MVs (MoMVs) | Stimulation of monocyte cell line (THP-1) | Centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD18+ CD14+ PS+ TF+ MVs | Induction of endothelial thrombogenicity and apoptosis | Inflammatory diseases and hypercoagulable states | Endothelial cell dysfunction | [66] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD14+ PS+ TF+ accumulation in sickle crisis | Procoagulant activity | Sickle Cell Disease | Contribution to thrombotic occlusive events (e.g., stroke) | [67] | |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD11b+ and CD14+ MVs accumulation | Pre-eclampsia | Probably a systemic inflammatory response marker | [68] | ||
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD14+ MVs accumulation | Contribute to Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (unknown mechanism) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Potential predictive biomarker | [69] | |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD14+ MVs accumulation | Cardiovascular complications | Hypertension, hyperlipidemia with type II diabetes | Potential therapeutic target | [70] | |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD14+ PS+ MVs accumulation | Vascular endothelial damage | Type II diabetes mellitus | Potential biomarker of CVD complication | [71] | |
| Blood plasma | Centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD14+ PS+ MVs accumulation | Enhancement the procoagulant activity, Adhesion molecules activation by ECs | Diabetic Retinopathy | Microvascular occlusions development, Potential biomarker of diabetic retinopathy progression | [72] | |
| Blood plasma | Centrifugation and Magnetic beads/NTA, TEM, PCR | CD14+ MVs expressing low levels of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, subunit I (MT-COI) | Coronary Artery Disease | Predictive marker for CVD risk | [73] | ||
CVD, cardiovascular disease; DLS, Dynamic Light Scattering; ECs, endothelial cells; HIV-1, Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1; IL, interleukin; MPO, myeloperoxidase; MVs, microvesicles; PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction; PS, phopshatidyleserine; TEM, Transmission Electron Microscopy.