Table 3.
Platelet-derived microvesicles’ source, detection methods, immunophenotypic characteristics, role, and association with diseases progression/initiation/prognosis and potential utility as disease biomarkers.
| Platelet-Derived MVs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MVs Source | Isolation/Characterization Method | MVs Phenotype | Function/Role | Disease | Effects/Relation to Disease | References |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD41+ MVs accumulation | Positive correlation with aortic stiffness, pulmonary artery pressure, and tricuspid regurgitant velocity | Sickle Cell Disease | Potential biomarker for vascular dysfunction and disease severity biomarker | [30] |
| Blood plasma/In vitro stimulation of platelets | Differential centrifugation/NTA & Flow Cytometry | Low levels of CD41+ MVs | Reduced or defected procoagulant activity | Scott syndrome, myelodysplastic syndromes | High bleeding risk | [23,24,89] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD41+ MVs accumulation | Hypercoagulability state and thrombotic events, Pro-thrombotic tendency |
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, Thrombocytopenia, Myeloproliferative Neoplasms | Protection against bleeding events | [90,91,92,93] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/DLS, Flow Cytometry | CD41+ MVs accumulation | Thrombotic events | Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | [94] | |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD41+ MVs accumulation | Pro-thrombotic potential | Thrombocythemia | Risk factors for thrombosis | [95,96,97] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD41+ PS+ MVs accumulation in severe SCD | Vaso-occlusive events | Sickle Cell Disease | Disease severity biomarker | [98] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/NTA, Elisa kit, Immunoblotting analysis | IL-1β+ and caspase-1+ PMVs accumulation | Lung vaso-occlusion | Sickle Cell Disease | Potential therapeutic targeting | [99] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Elisa kit | -GPIb+ GPIIb/IIIa+ GPIX+ CD9+ PMVs accumulation (Elisa kit) | Correlation with calcification | Acute Coronary Syndrome | Independent predictor for thrombotic events, atherothrombotic events risk | [100] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD42a+ PS+ MVs accumulation | Association with glycemic profile | Newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type 2 | Early markers of thrombosis | [101] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD41+ PS+ MVs accumulation | Correlation with glycemic markers | Diabets Mellitus type 2 | Potential biomarkers for Diabets Mellitus type 2 | [102] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Elisa kit | GPIb+ GPIIb/IIIa+ GPIX+ CD9+ PMVs accumulation (Elisa kit) | Correlation with apneahypopnea index | Obstructive Sleep Apnea | Potential biomarker of increased cardiovascular risk | [103] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD41a+ PS+ MVs accumulation | Correlation with OSA severity indicators | Obstructive Sleep Apnea | Potential OSA severity biomarker | [104] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD41a+ PS+ MVs accumulation | Association with thrombotic events | End Stage Renal Disease | Potential triggering factor for thrombotic events | [105] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/TEM, NTA, Immunoblotting analysis | CD42b+ MVs accumulation | Procoagulant activity | End Stage Renal Disease | Potential mediators or predictors of occlusive cardiovascular events |
[106] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | GpΙΙb/ΙΙΙa+ PS+ MVs accumulation | Correlation with glycemia and oxidative stress markers | Metabolic Syndrome | Potential marker of predisposal for diabetes | [88] |
| In vitro stimulation of platelets | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | Internalization of CD41+ MVs by neutrophils | Inflammatory phenotype of neutrophils induction | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Implication in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis | [107,108] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD41+ PS+ MVs accumulation | Low procoagulant activity | CKD stage 4 | [109] | |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry, PCR | CD41a+ PS+ MVs containing miR-223 accumulation | miR-223-mediated anti-inflammatory effects | Sepsis | Protective role against sepsis-related vascular inflammation | [110] |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | Low CD41+ MVs levels | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (in sepsis) | Better disease outcome | [111] | |
| Blood plasma | Differential centrifugation/Flow Cytometry | CD41+ MVs accumulation | Angiogenic activity |
Chronic Ischemia |
[112] | |
DLS, Dynamic Light Scattering; IL, interleukin; NTA, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction; PS, phopshatidyleserine; TEM, Transmission Electron Microscopy.