Table 1.

Comparison of non-specific combinations of AuNPs with conventional PCR product.

Detection Method	Strategy	Target	Detection Limit	Aggregation Time	Ref.
Colorimetric	ssDNA adsorbs on AuNPs without amplification.	Genomic DNA	—	Less than 1 min	[46]
Colorimetric	As-PCR ssDNA product bound to naked AuNPs.	Long genomic ssDNA	Picogram detection level	10 min	[49]
Colorimetric	PMA selectively intercalates DNA in dead cells.	Live emetic Bacillus cereus DNA	3.4 × 102 CFU/mL	—	[60]
Colorimetric	Non-specific interactions between AuNPs and PCR products	Prostate cancer urinary biomarker PCA3	31.25 ng/reaction	—	[62]