Table 1.
Zinc disruption in regulating protein kinases and protein phosphatases in neurodegenerative diseases.
| Protein Kinase or Phosphatase |
Expression Level or Activity in Disease Progression | Effect and Regulating Pathways of Zinc in Disease | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| GSK-3β | AD↑ | Activation zinc-MEK/ERK/GSK-3β |
[81,140] |
| CDK5 | AD↑; ALS↑; PD ↑ | Activation, To be identified |
[141,142,143] |
| ERK | AD↑; PD↑ | Activation zinc-Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK |
[144,145,146,147] |
| JNK | AD↑; ALS↑ | Activation To be identified |
[148,149,150] |
| p38 | AD↑ | Activation To be identified |
[147,148] |
| PKA | AD↑; PD↑ | Not explored | [151,152] |
| PKC | AD↓ | Not explored | [153,154] |
| PP1 | AD↓ | Not explored | [114] |
| PP2A | AD↓ | Inhibition Direct effect, or through zinc-Src-PP2A(Y307) |
[131,155] |
| PP2B | HD↓ | Inhibition To be identified |
[135] |
| PP5 | AD↓ | Not explored | [156] |
AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ALS, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CDK5, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5; ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HD, Huntington’s disease; GSK-3β, Glycogen synthase kinase 3β; JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PKA, Protein kinase A; PKC, Protein kinase C; PP1, Protein phosphatase; PP2A, Protein phosphatase 2A; PP2B, Protein phosphatase 2B; PP5, Protein phosphatase 5.