Figure 2.

(A) The upper layer was alveolar epithelial cells and the lower layer was pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Biomechanical activity under respiration can be simulated by circulating vacuums on both sides of the chambers. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [8]. Copyright 2010 Science. (B) The multiplexed cell culture chip (blue) and the linear concentration gradient generator (red) were independently manufactured and connected with each other through stainless steel subcutaneous catheter. Single cell culture channels were divided by microcolumns into central cell culture compartments and two lateral culture medium infusion chambers. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright 2009 Royal Society of Chemistry. (C) The upper and lower channels were made of PDMS and separated by a PE film. Four kinds of cells were distributed layer-by-layer on both sides of PE membrane. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry.