Table 1.

Human disease and clinical responses replicated in single organ chips.

Human Organ Chip	Materials	Cell Types	Technology for Fabrications	Disease Model or Clinical Mimicry	Ref
Lung	PDMS	Epi and endo	Soft lithography	Nanoparticle transport and toxicity	[8]
	PDMS, collagen, fibrin gel	Endo (HUVEC), fibroblast (HLF and iPF-HLF), epi (SAEC)	Polyester track etch, soft lithography	Fibrotic αSMA-positive disease	[30]
	PDMS 3D Matrigel	Epi (HPAEpiC), endo (HUVEC)	Soft lithography	Nanoparticle toxicity	[31]
	Soft collagen–elastin gel, thin gold mesh, PDMS, polycarbonate	Epi (HAEpC), endo (VeraVec)	Collagen molecules self-assembled, soft lithography	The air–blood barrier and alveoli network	[32]
	Plastic	Epi	Laser-cut, polyester track etch	Viral infectivity, inflammation	[33]
Liver	PDMS	Hep	Soft lithography	Drug toxicity	[34]
	PDMS, PE membrane	Hep, endo, hepatic stellate, Kupffer	Soft lithography	Liver-specific functions	[35]
	PDMS, ECM gel	Hep, endo, hepatic stellate, Kupffer	Soft lithography	Drug efficacy	[36]
Gut	PDMS	Epi (Caco-2)	Soft lithography	Intestinal barrier function	[22]
	PDMS, PET membrane	Epi (Caco-2)	Soft lithography, photolithography	Differentiation, drug absorption, and metabolism	[37]
	Polycarbonate, PDMS, titanium, gold, PET membrane	Epi (hAEC)	Laser-cut, soft lithography	Real-time measurements of barrier function	[38]
	PDMS, PMMA frame	Epi (Caco-2), endo (HUVEC)	Soft lithography	Injury of intestine villus and inflammatory reactions	[39]
BBB	PDMS, polycarbonate membrane, Pt	Endo (HCMEC)	Soft lithography	Effect of inflammation cytokine	[26]
	PDMS, Ag/AgCl, polycarbonate membrane, silicone gasket	Endo (iPS)	3D print	Drug permeability	[40]
	Glass and polymers (OrganoPlate), ECM gel	Endo, pericyte, astrocyte	-	High-throughput drug screening	[41]
	PDMS, polycarbonate membrane	Endo (bEnd.3)	Soft lithography	Angiopep-2 coupled liposome transport	[42]
Heart	PDMS	Cardiomyocyte/iPS	Soft lithography	Drug concentration-response	[43]
	Bioink, PMMA, PDMS	Endo(HUVEC), cardiomyocyte	Bioprinting, soft lithography	Drug screening	[44]
	Super aligned carbon nanotube sheets, hydrogel, conductive methacrylated gelatin, PDMS	Cardiomyocyte	Polymerization, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, soft lithography	Dynamic cardiomyocyte sensing and drug screening	[45]
	PDMS	Cardiomyocyte (iPS)	Direct laser writing (DLW) lithography and soft lithography	Response of cardiac under mechanical loading and pacing.	[46]
Skin	PDMS	Fibroblast, keratinocyte	Soft lithography	Skin side effects of sorafenib	[47]
	PDMS, polyester membrane	Fibroblast, keratinocyte	Soft lithography	Drug testing	[48]
	PMMA, PET membrane	Keratinocyte	Micromilling, track etch	Skin irritation and drug toxicity	[49]
Vessel	PDMS	Endo (HUVEC)	Soft lithography	Thrombi and hemorrhage	[50]
	Hydrogel, PMMA	Endo (HAEC), aortic smooth muscle	Bioprinting, numerical control engraving	Physiologic and pathologic process in vascular wall	[51]
	Pluronic, nanoclay, PDMS	Endo (HUVEC)	3D printed, soft lithography	Endothelial cell morphology	[52]
Kidney	PDMS, polycarbonate membrane	Liver and kidney precision-cut tissue slices, Endo (HUVEC), breast cancer	Soft lithography	Extracellular vesicles organotropism	[53]
	Glass and polymers (OrganoPlate), ECM gel	Epi (RPTEC), Endo (HUVEC)	-	Renal ischemia and reperfusion injury	[54]
Lymphangion	PDMS	Endo (LEC), muscle (LMC)	Soft lithography	Lymphatic inflammation	[55]