Table 1.
Physicochemical parameters of different concentrations of paper sludge-amended soil before transplantation of Brassica napus plants.
| Parameters | Paper sludge concentrations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0% | 5% | 10% | 15% | 20% | 100% | |
| pH | 7.18c ± 0.65 | 8.14b ± 0.48 | 8.16b ± 0.59 | 8.19b ± 0.61 | 8.2b ± 0.65 | 8.31a ± 0.66 |
| EC (μS cm−1) | 69f ±0.70 | 105e ±0.75 | 123d ±0.76 | 165c ±0.70 | 197b ±0.76 | 475a ± 0.81 |
| TDS (mg kg−1) | 938f ± 0.5 | 1,428e ± 0.60 | 1,672d ± 0.68 | 2,244c ± 0.76 | 2,679b ± 0.85 | 6,460a ± 0.95 |
| Carbonates (mg kg−1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bicarbonates (mg kg−1) | 1,400f ± 0.5 | 2,000e ± 0.62 | 2,600d ± 0.76 | 3,400c ± 0.77 | 4,000b ± 0.87 | 4,400a ± 0.90 |
| Calcium (mg kg−1) | 641f ± 0.55 | 802e ± 0.60 | 1,042d ± 0.65 | 1,283c ± 0.70 | 1,443b ± 0.75 | 1,684a ± 0.85 |
| Magnesium (mg kg−1) | 145f ± 0.60 | 198e ± 0.68 | 250d ± 0.76 | 291c ± 0.95 | 340bs ± 1.00 | 388a ±1.05 |
| Potassium (mg kg−1) | 67f ± 0.45 | 93e ± 0.55 | 120d ± 0.64 | 160c ± 0.72 | 201b ± 0.85 | 220a ± 0.9 |
| Sodium (mg kg−1) | 300f ± 0.5 | 420e ± 0.6 | 810d ± 0.7 | 1,020c ± 0.8 | 1,260b ± 0.85 | 1,320a ± 0.95 |
| Nitrogen (mg kg−1) | 75f ± 0.75 | 110e ± 0.80 | 150d ± 0.85 | 200c ± 0.9 | 290b ± 0.95 | 350a ± 1.00 |
| Phosphorous (mg kg−1) | 30f ± 0.50 | 50e ± 0.55 | 80d ± 0.60 | 100c ± 0.65 | 150b ± 0.70 | 200a ± 0.75 |
| Organic matter (%) | 1.28f ± 0.25 | 1.77e ± 0.31 | 2.69d ± 0.12 | 4.2c ± 0.40 | 4.89b ± 0.13 | 12.83a ± 0.67 |
| Cadmium (mg kg−1) | 0.02f ± 0.001 | 15e ± 0.60 | 23d ± 0.56 | 34c ± 0.61 | 48b ± 0.70 | 55a ± 1.00 |
| Chromium (mg kg−1) | 0.015f ± 0.006 | 250e ± 0.50 | 337d ± 0.72 | 498c ± 0.79 | 576b ± 0.87 | 680a ± 1.01 |
| Lead (mg kg−1) | 0.04f ± 0.005 | 50e ± 1.12 | 119d ± 1.13 | 154c ± 1.20 | 209b ± 1.28 | 400a ± 2.5 |
| Moisture content (%) | 8.29f ±0.20 | 9.45e ±0.24 | 10.36d ±0.25 | 14.15c ±0.30 | 15.32b ±0.35 | 31.03a ±0.42 |
| Ash (%) | 97.67a ± 0.31 | 96.81b ± 0.35 | 95.15c ± 0.36 | 92.44d ± 0.42 | 91.19e ± 0.47 | 76.89f ± 0.48 |
| Organic matter (%) | 2.32f ± 0.16 | 3.19e ± 0.31 | 4.85d ± 0.36 | 7.56c ± 0.42 | 8.81b ± 0.45 | 23.10a ± 0.55 |
| Volatile matter (%) | 81.41a ± 0.45 | 75.88b ± 0.48 | 74.78c ± 0.49 | 63.62d ± 0.56 | 69.36e ± 0.65 | 13.10f ± 0.70 |
Each value is a mean ± standard deviation of 3 replicates, and different superscript letters in each column show significant differences according to DMRT at p ≤ 0.05.
FA, Fulvic acid; PS, Paper sludge.