Table 1.
CSCs secrete cytokines and other soluble protein molecules to recruit macrophages.
Chemokines Produced by CSCs | Chemokine Receptor | Type of Cancer | Associated Signaling Pathway/Mechanism of Chemokine Secretion | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 1 | CCR2 | Glioblastoma | IFNγ | [47] |
Breast cancer | β-Catenin | [48] | ||
Bladder cancer | Not shown | [39] | ||
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Hippo | [43] | ||
CCL3 | CCR1/CCR5 | Bladder cancer | Not shown | [49,50] |
Leukemia | Not shown | [51] | ||
CCL5 | CCR5, CCR1, CCR2 | Glioblastoma | PI3K 2/AKT | [52,53] |
Optic glioma | Not shown | [54] | ||
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Not shown | [55] | ||
CCL8 | CCR2 | Bladder cancer | Not shown | [56] |
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma | Not shown | [57] | ||
CCL9 | CCR1 | Non-small cell lung cancer | Not shown | [58] |
CXCL5 3 | CXCR2 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Sox9 | [59] |
CXCL12 | CXCR4 | Leukemia | Not shown | [42] |
Colon cancer | NF-κB 4 | [60] | ||
CXCL14 | Not shown | Lung cancer | Not shown | [61] |
IL-10 | IL-10R | Ovarian cancer | WNT | [62] |
IL-33 | ST2 | Squamous cell carcinoma | NRF2 | [44] |
CSF1 5 | CSF1R | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Hippo | [43] |
Non-small cell lung cancer | IRF5 | [63] | ||
Glioblastoma | STAT3 6 | [64] | ||
TGF-β 7 | Not shown | Glioblastoma | STAT3 | [64] |
MIC-1 8 | Not shown | Glioblastoma | Not shown | [64] |
Pancreatic cancer | Not shown | [65] | ||
LOX 9 | Not shown | Pancreatic cancer | Not shown | [66] |
VEGF 10 | VEGFR | Colorectal cancer | Six1/MAPK 11 & PI3K/AKT/mTOR | [67,68] |
OLFML3 12 | Not shown | Glioblastoma | CLOCK-BMAL1 | [40] |
Sdf1 13 | Cxcr4b | Brain tumor | AKT1 | [41] |
POSTN 14 | Integrinαvβ₃ | Glioblastoma | Not shown | [69] |
CX3CL1 | CX3CR1 | Testicular germ cell tumors | Not shown | [70] |
HGF 15 | Not shown | Glioblastoma | HGF-MET axis | [71] |
MIF | CXCR4 | Glioblastoma | Not shown | [72] |
FGL2 | Not shown | Glioblastoma | Not shown | [73] |
1 C-C-motif chemokine ligand 2; 2 Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; 3 CXC motif chemokine ligand 5; 4 Nuclear factor-kappa B; 5 Colony-stimulating factor-1; 6 Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3; 7 Transforming growth factor β; 8 Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1; 9 Lipoxygenase; 10 Vascular epidermal growth factor; 11 Mitogen-activated protein kinase; 12 Olfactomedin like 3; 13 Stromal-cell-derived factor-1b; 14 Periostin; 15 Hepatocyte growth factor.