Table 1.
Representative pro-inflammatory cytokines relevant to pro-tumoral, anti-tumoral activities and therapeutic trials for HNSCCs.
| Pro -Tumoral Activities | Anti-Tumoral Activities | Therapeutic Trials |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| IFN-γ | Promotion of PD-L1 (* 11, 19) | Promotion of anti-tumor immunity (15) | |
| Promotion of TILs (16, 17) | |||
| IL-2 | Protection of tumor cells from apoptosis (12) | Promotion of anti-tumor immunity (26, 27) | 29 |
| Promotion of Treg (13, 29) | Stimulation of autologous immunity (28) | ||
| IL-1α | Stimulation of CAFs to promote OSCCs (30) | 34 | |
| Promotion of tumor growth via IL-8 (31) | |||
| Immune-suppression via CAF (32) | |||
| Risk factor for recurrence (33) | |||
| IL-1β | Promotion of tumor stemness (36) | 39, 40 | |
| Promotion of EMT (37, 38) | |||
| TNF-α | Elevation of histological grading (42) | Inhibition of tumor migration (47) | |
| Promotion of invasion/metastasis (43, 44) | |||
| Promotion of angiogenesis and tumor growth (46) | |||
| IL-17 | Promotion of cancer pathogenesis (48) | ||
| Deletion of cytotoxic T cells (49) | |||
| Potentiate pro-tumoral immunity (50, 51) | |||
| Regulation of neutrophil and poor prognosis (52) | |||
| IL-8 | Tumor progression (53, 54, 55) | ||
| Promotion of TAM (56) | |||
| Generation of M2 macrophage (57) | |||
| Promotion of EMT (60) | |||
| Regulation of neutrophil (61) | |||
| Downregulation of FOXP3 in neutrophils (62) | |||
* Numbers correspond to references in the text.