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. 2022 Jun 20;14(12):3028. doi: 10.3390/cancers14123028

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Potential therapeutic targets of the hepatic pre-metastatic niche. Integrin α5β5-expressing tumor-derived EVs inhibited by Cilengitide. CXCR4 inhibitors plerixafor or BL80-40 can inhibit CXCR4⁺ neutrophils. CCX872 inhibits CCR2⁺ MAMs and neutrophils. Pepducin or CXCR2 small-molecule inhibitor (AZ13381758) blocks CXCR2⁺ neutrophils and MDSCs. MIF inhibitors imalumab and ISO-1. SDF-1/CXCL12 inhibitor NOX A12. IL-15 superagonist (SA)/IL-15 receptor alpha complex rescues the SMAD2/3-mediated inhibitory effects of TGF-β on NK cells. PD-L1/2 inhibitor CA-170 inhibits PD-L2-mediated inhibition of CD8⁺ T cells.