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. 2022 Jun 11;12(6):768. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12060768

Table 2.

T1 versus T2 results: PANSS models and factors.

Model Factor Group Baseline Final t p
M SD M SD
Kay et al. (1987) Total REH 53.13 7.29 48.50 8.22 −1.68 0.103
CON 53.41 15.73 57.88 7.40 1.06 0.297
Positive REH 9.75 1.73 8.25 1.39 −2.70 0.011
CON 10.00 2.40 9.88 8.25 −0.12 0.906
Negative REH 15.44 3.46 14.00 3.39 −1.19 0.2445
CON 15.29 3.64 16.65 2.71 1.23 0.228
General REH 27.94 3.55 26.25 4.51 −1.18 0.2445
CON 28.12 10.83 31.35 3.20 1.18 0.246
Kay et al. (1990) Positive REH 7.63 1.09 7.13 1.15 −1.27 0.216
CON 7.65 3.12 7.24 1.68 −0.48 0.635
Negative REH 19.75 3.47 18.13 3.70 −1.28 0.210
CON 19.41 6.41 21.47 3.22 1.18 0.246
Depressive REH 9.19 1.17 8.00 1.97 −2.08 0.046
CON 9.12 2.76 10.18 1.19 1.45 0.156
Excitement REH 7.88 1.26 6.94 1.12 −2.22 0.034
CON 7.18 1.88 8.76 1.75 2.55 0.016
Walsh-Messinger et al.
(2018)		 Positive REH 10.13 1.75 8.63 2.03 −2.24 0.033
CON 9.35 2.87 10.06 1.75 0.87 0.393
Negative REH 13.81 2.74 12.31 3.07 −1.46 0.155
CON 13.53 4.35 14.71 2.42 0.98 0.337
Cognitive REH 13.19 1.94 12.19 2.40 −1.30 0.205
CON 14.47 4.69 15.41 2.60 0.72 0.475
Hostility REH 7.69 1.30 7.31 1.14 −0.87 0.393
CON 7.24 2.51 8.41 1.80 1.57 0.127
Lim et al.
(2021)		 Positive REH 9.25 1.34 6.63 1.20 −5.82 0.000
CON 9.12 3.62 6.94 1.82 −2.22 0.034
Negative REH 14.25 2.84 12.88 3.10 −1.31 0.200
CON 13.82 4.17 15.53 2.43 1.46 0.155
Cognitive REH 13.56 2.34 12.81 2.46 −0.88 0.383
CON 15.18 4.93 15.29 2.76 0.09 0.932
Depression/Anxiety REH 9.00 1.21 7.69 1.96 −2.28 0.030
CON 8.59 2.62 9.88 1.41 1.79 0.083
Hostility REH 5.94 1.18 5.44 0.81 −1.39 0.174
CON 5.29 1.53 6.71 1.53 2.69 0.011
Citrome et al. (2011) Positive REH 7.50 1.15 6.63 1.20 −2.10 0.044
CON 7.24 2.51 6.94 1.82 −0.39 0.699
Negative REH 14.25 2.84 12.88 3.10 −1.31 0.200
CON 13.82 4.17 15.53 2.43 1.46 0.155
Depression/Anxiety REH 9.00 1.21 7.69 1.96 −2.28 0.030
CON 8.59 2.62 9.88 1.41 1.79 0.083
Cognitive REH 16.44 2.73 15.88 3.07 −0.55 0.588
CON 18.47 6.28 18.82 3.19 0.21 0.838
Excitement/Hostility REH 5.94 1.18 5.44 0.81 −1.39 0.174
CON 5.29 1.53 6.71 1.53 2.69 0.011

REH—patient rehabilitation group; CON—patient control group; PANSS—positive and negative syndrome scale; PANSS clinical factors or subscales as defined by models: anxiety, cognitive, depressive/depression, disorganization, excitement, general, hostility, positive, and negative; M—mean; SD—standard deviation; t—Student’s t-test; p—p-value significance at p < 0.05.