Table 2.
Symptom burden and health-related quality of life in COVID-19 cases and controls
|
1–12 months |
13–24 months |
2–3 years* |
4–11 years |
12–14 years |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n=105) | Controls (n=348) | Cases (n=427) | Controls (n=1062) | Cases (n=917) | Controls (n=2445) | Cases (n=6032) | Controls (n=18 372) | Cases (n=3516) | Controls (n=10 789) | ||
| CSSI-24 | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2·5 (4·8) | 2·5 (4·2) | 3·0 (5·1)† | 3·4 (4·8)† | 4·3 (7·0)† | 4·7 (6·2)† | |
| Median (IQR) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1·0 (0·0–3·0) | 1·0 (0·0–3·0) | 1·0 (0·0–4·0) | 2· 0 (0·0–5·0) | 1·0 (0·0–5·0) | 3·0 (1·0–5·0) | |
| PedsQL | |||||||||||
| Physical functioning | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 93·7 (11·2)† | 87·8 (12·2)† | 94·2 (9·1)† | 87·3 (12·0)† | 94·8 (10·2) | 94·8 (8·2) | 94·7 (11·4)† | 92·9 (11·8)† | 93·0 (13·0)† | 91·2 (13·3)† | |
| Median (IQR) | 100·0 (91·7–100·0) | 91·7 (79·2–100·0) | 100·0 (91·7–100·0) | 88·9 (80·6–97·2) | 100·0 (93·8–100·0) | 100·0 (90·6–100·0) | 100·0 (93·8–100·0) | 96·9 (90·6–100·0) | 100·0 (90·6–100·0) | 96·9 (87·5–100·0) | |
| Physical symptoms | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 84·4 (13·0) | 85·1 (80·0–92·5) | 84·9 (12·9)†‡ | 89·1 (9·7)†‡ | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Median (IQR) | 85·0 (75·0–95·0) | 87·5 (80·0–92·5) | 87·5 (77·5–95·0) | 90·0 (82·5–97·5) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Emotional functioning | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 75·5 (16·9) | 75·8 (13·7) | 73·6 (16·2)†‡ | 77·0 (12·8)†‡ | 75·5 (18·1) | 73·5 (15·4) | 78·2 (19·1)†‡ | 73·3 (18·0)†‡ | 83·2 (19·5)†‡ | 79·2 (19·2)†‡ | |
| Median (IQR) | 75·0 (64·6–89·6) | 79·2 (68·8–85·4) | 75·0 (62·0–85·4) | 77·1 (68·8–87·5) | 75·0 (65·0–90·0) | 75·0 (65·0–85·0) | 80·0 (65·0–95·0) | 75·0 (60·0–85·0) | 90·0 (70·0–100·0) | 85·0 (65·0–95·0) | |
| Social functioning | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 94·7 (9·3) | 93·0 (11·4) | 93·3 (11·0) | 93·0 (9·9) | 93·8 (10·8)† | 93·0 (10·8)† | 92·3 (13·3)† | 89·6 (15·0)† | 91·4 (15·4)†‡ | 87·9 (17·5)†‡ | |
| Median (IQR) | 100·0 (93·8–100·0) | 100·0 (87·5–100·0) | 100·0 (90·0–100·0) | 95·0 (90·0–100·0) | 100·0 (90·0–100·0) | 100·0 (90·0–100·0) | 100·0 (90·0–100·0) | 95·0 (85·0–100·0) | 100·0 (90·0–100·0) | 95·0 (80·0–100·0) | |
| School functioning | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 92·9 (12·1) | 93·0 (11·3) | 86·8 (15·3)† | 84·2 (15·4)† | 83·7 (18·0)† | 80·9 (17·8)† | |
| Median (IQR) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 100·0 (90·0–100·0) | 100·0 (91·7–100·0) | 90·0 (80·0–100·0) | 90·0 (75·0–95·0) | 90·0 (75·0–100·0) | 85·0 (70·0–95·0) | |
| Cognitive functioning | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 87·7 (17·4) | 88·6 (16·0) | 87·3 (16·5)† | 84·7 (16·3)† | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Median (IQR) | 100·0 (75·0–100·0) | 100·0 (75·0–100·0) | 94·4 (77·8–100·0) | 88·9 (75·0–100·0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
CSSI-24=Children's Somatic Symptoms Inventory. PedsQL=Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory.
*
Missing school functioning scores: 27 cases, 77 controls.
†
Statistically significant (p<0·0009), based on Wilcoxon signed rank test.
‡
Hedges' g>0·2.