Table 1.
Overview of Clinical Studies Related to Cardiac Alterations in Cancer and Cancer-Induced Cachexia.
| Patients (Sample Size) | Study Design | Major Findings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Functional Remodeling | |||
| Anker, Ebner, Hildebrandt, et al. 2016 [45] | NSCLC, pancreatic, CRC (145) | Prospective, longitudinal | HR > 75 bpm predicted for mortality |
| Anker, von Haehling, Coats, et al. 2021 [53] | NSCLC, pancreatic, CRC (120) | Prospective, longitudinal | - ↑ NSVT vs. control - NSVT & PVC predicted for mortality |
| Cramer, Hildebrandt, Kung, et al. 2014 [46] | CRC (50) | Prospective, single timepoint | ↑ HR, ↓ HRV, ↓ LVEF vs. control |
| Kazemi-Bajestani, Becher, Butts, et al. 2019 [54] | NSCLC (50) | Prospective, longitudinal | ↓ LVEF, ↓ GLS at 4-month follow-up |
| Kazemi-Bajestani, Becher, Butts, et al. 2019 [56] | NSCLC (70) | Prospective, single timepoint | ↓ LVEF (<50%) incidence is higher in cachectic vs. non-cachectic patients |
| Lee, Park, Lim, et al. 2016 [44] | Breast cancer (4786) | Retrospective, longitudinal | ↑ HR predicted for mortality |
| Structural Remodeling | |||
| Barkhudaryan, Scherbakov, Springer, et al. 2017 [57] | Lung, pancreatic, GI cancer (177) | Retrospective, single timepoint | ↓ Heart weight in cachectic vs. non-cachectic patients |
| Cai, Mao, Yang, et al. 2020 [58] | Pancreatic cancer (98) | Retrospective, longitudinal | ↓ LVMA, LVMRA associated with mortality |
| Kazemi-Bajestani, Becher, Butts, et al. 2019 [54] | NSCLC (50) | Prospective, longitudinal | Cardiac atrophy associated with ↑ DLT, ↓ treatment response, ↓ physical functioning, ↑ mortality |
| Springer, Tschirner, Haghikia, et al. 2014 [48] | NSCLC, pancreatic, GI cancer (12 cancer, 14 cancer cachexia) | Post-mortem | Cachexia associated with ↓ heart mass, ↓ LVWT |
| Metabolic Remodeling | |||
| Hyltander, Körner, Lundholm, 1993 [59] | Weight-losing cancer patients (60) | Randomized, controlled trial | SNS activation is a main driver of increased REE |
| Hyltander, Daneryd, Sandström, et al. 2000 [47] | Weight-losing cancer patients (10) | Randomized, crossover | SNS attenuation via β-blockers caused ↓ REE, ↓ HR, ↓ O2 uptake |
| Heckmann, Totakhel, Finke, et al. 2019 [60] | Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-lymphatic cancer (337) | Retrospective, single timepoint | - Hodgkin’s lymphoma associated with ↑ cardiac glucose uptake - Chemotherapy associated with ↓ cardiac glucose uptake |
Colorectal cancer (CRC); dose-limiting toxicity (DLT); global longitudinal strain (GLS), heart rate (HR); heart rate variability (HRV); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); left ventricular muscle area (LVMA); left ventricular muscle radiation attenuation (LVMRA); left ventricle wall thickness (LVWT); non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT); premature ventricular contractions (PVC); resting energy expenditure (REE); sympathetic nervous system (SNS).