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. 2022 Jun 9;13:899413. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899413

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Copyright © 2022 Teixeira, Harrison, da Silva, Mathews, Gonzalez and Lorca

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Nanovesicles from Lactobacillus johnsonii shift macrophages towards a M2b profile. PMA stimulated THP-1 macrophages were incubated with NVs, cytokines and mRNA (A, C, E, G, H, I, orange box plots) and protein levels (B, D, F, blue box plots) were evaluated for 8 h. Cytokine concentrations were determined in the supernatants via ELISA, while mRNA levels were determined via qRT-PCR. The mRNA levels of IL10 (A), TNFA (C), IL1B (E), TLR2 (G), TLR4 (H) and TLR7 (I), were normalized to GAPDH, whereas the protein levels of IL-10 (B), TNFa (D) and IL-1b (F) were normalized to the total protein concentration. Data is shown as fold change ± SD with respect to Time 0. Data shown represents at least three biological triplicates and technical duplicates. Letters on top of each group represents statistical significance (p < 0.05), where bars sharing at least one letter are not significantly different.