Table 1.
Studies of risk factors associated to OD.
| Author | Year | Article | n of Patients with OD | n of Legs with OD | Control Group | Female | Male | Mean Age | Mean BMI | Risk Factor/Etiology/Association | Results | Level of Evidence | Type of Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enomoto | 2021 | Muscle stiffness of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis in children with Osgood–Schlatter disease | 28 | 28 | 26 | A stiffer RF under stretched conditions (45° and 90° flexion) is related to the presence of OD. | RF and VL under unstretched and contracted conditions and the VL under stretched conditions have limited association with the presence of OD | Shear-wave velocity (SWV) of the RF and VL (in m/s) during passive knee flexion and isometric contraction measured using shear-wave elastography. | |||||
| Gaulrapp | 2021 | The Osgood–Schlatter disease: A large clinical series with evaluation of risk factors, natural course, and outcomes | 126 | 126 | 25 | 101 | 12.8 | 19.5 | Repeated biomechanical stress | Adolescent boys practicing sports with repeated biomechanical stress. Age at onset, growth rate, BMI, and muscle imbalance are not significantly predisposing. | 3 | Prognostic study level III (longitudinal cohort study, consecutive patients without blinding, no control arm | |
| Green | 2020 | Increased Posterior Tibial Slope in Patients with Osgood-Schlatter Disease: A New Association | 40 | 38 | 32 | 20 | 20 | 12.6 | Increased posterior tibial slope (PTS) | An association between OD and increased PTS. | 3 | Radiographic evaluation comparing PTS in 40 knees with OD and 32 control knees | |
| Enomoto | 2020 | The Passive Mechanical Properties of Muscles and Tendons in Children Affected by Osgood–Schlatter Disease | 18 | 18 | 42 | 0 | 18 | 13.6 | Low elasticity of Patella tendon (PT) | Patella tendon (PT) with a lower SR associated with OD. The passive mechanical propertiesof the quadriceps muscles have limited association with an OSD |
4 | Elasticity obtained from the quadriceps muscles and patella tendon (PT), using real-time tissue elastograph, in 18 legs affected by OD and 42 healthy legs | |
| Seyfettinoğlu | 2018 | Is There a Relationship between Patellofemoral Alignment and Osgood–Schlatter Disease? A Case-Control Study | 40 | 40 | 40 | 10 | 30 | 12.88 | 19.5 | Increased physical activity | The main etiologic factor seems to be increased physical activity rather than subtle variations in patellofemoral anatomy and alignment of extensor mechanism. | Prospective observational case-control study conducted on two groups of adolescent patients–radiographic evaluation |
|
| Watanabe | 2018 | Pathogenic Factors Associated with Osgood–Schlatter Disease in Adolescent Male Soccer Players: A Prospective Cohort Study | 12 | 24 | 0 | 12 | 10.2 | 17.1 | A diagnosis of Sever disease and backward shifting of the center of gravity during kicking, quadriceps femoris muscle tightness bilaterally, gastrocnemius muscle tightness, soleus muscle tightness | Developmental stage, physical attributes, preexisting apophysitis. Sever disease and backward shifting of the center of gravity during kicking intensified the risk of OD. |
2 | Prospective Cohort Study Variable evaluated: morphometry, joint flexibility, lower extremity alignment, presence of Sever disease, kicking motion |
|
| Nakase | 2015 | Precise risk factors for Osgood–Schlatter disease | 10 | 60 | 0 | 10 | 12.6 | 19.8 | The quadriceps femoris muscle tightness and muscle strength during knee extension and flexibility of the hamstring muscles | Tightness and strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle during knee extension and flexibility of the hamstring muscles. | Prospective cohort study | ||
| Guler | 2013 | Is there a relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Osgood–Schlatter disease? | 74 | 0 | 74 | 12.64 | ADHD—attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder | Strong association between OD and ADHD | 2 | Prospective study | |||
| Nakase | 2014 | Relationship between the skeletal maturation of the distal attachment of the patellar tendon and physical features in preadolescent male football players | 100 | 0 | 200 | 12.0 | Increased quadriceps tightness with rapidly increasing femoral length during tibial tuberosity development | Quadriceps tightness increased, hamstring tightness decreased, suggesting that quadriceps tightness is not due to femoral length alone but that muscle strength may also be involved. | 3 | Cross-sectional study, Level III. | |||
| Falciglia | 2011 | Osgood Schlatter lesion: histologic features of slipped anterior tibial tubercle | 13 | The fibrocartilage anterior to the ossification centre | The slippage of the patellar tendon insertion may be progressive and caused by pathological fibrocartilage. | Histology | |||||||
| Amany M. Abou El- Soud | 2010 | Prevalence of osteochondritis among preparatory and primary school children in an Egyptian governorate | 14 | 15 | History of Trauma | Cross-sectional study | |||||||
| de Lucena | 2011 | Prevalence and associated factors of Osgood-Schlatter syndrome in a population-based sample of Brazilian adolescents | 94 | 40 | 54 | Regular practice of sports and shortening of Rectus femoris | Regular practice of sports in adolescents and the shortening of the rectus femoris muscle were the main factors associated with the presence of OD | 3 | cross-sectional analytic observational study | ||||
| Demirag | 2004 | The pathophysiology of Osgood-Schlatter disease: a magnetic resonance investigation | 20 | 15 | 13.4 | Patellar tendon attachment more proximal and broader above the tibial physis | If the patellar tendon attaches more proximally and in a broader area to the tibia, this might cause OD | MRI study | |||||
| Gigante | 2003 | Increased external tibial torsion in Osgood-Schlatter disease | 21 | 20 | 0 | 21 | 14 | Increase in external tibial torsion | Increase in external tibial torsion may be a predisposing mechanical factor in the onset of OD. | CT scan evaluation | |||
| Visuri | 2007 | Elongated patellae at the final stage of Osgood-Schlatter disease: A radiographic study | 82 | 87 | 20.7 | 23.4 | Increased patellar height, elongated patellae and patellar tendons | Elongated patellae and patellar tendons which may result from longstanding tension of the extensor apparatus during growth spurt, when femoral growth exceeds that of the anterior structures of the knee | X-ray | ||||
| Sarcević | 2008 | Limited ankle dorsiflexion: a predisposing factor to Morbus Osgood Schlatter? | 45 | 5 | 40 | Limited dorsiflexion of the ankle | Limited dorsiflexion of the ankle joint might be important for developing OD | Clinical evaluation–ROM of the ankle |