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. 2022 Jun 7;19(12):6974. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19126974

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biomarkers to predict individualized treatment for VVS and POTS in chronological order. POTS: Postural Tachycardia Syndrome; VVS: Vasovagal Syncope; HR: heart rate; FMD: Flow-mediated vasodilation response; MR-proADM: Pro-adrenomedullin; AVP: Arginine vasopressin; CNP: C-type natriuretic peptide; BMI: Body mass index; BRS: Baroreflex sensitivity; MCHC: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVFS: Left ventricular fractional shortening; AI: Acceleration index; HRV: Heart rate variability; 24 h urine NE: 24-h urine norepinephrine.