Table 1.

Thematic analysis of open-ended answers to question 4: “Could you briefly explain how you used the singing tool with these patients?” (295 answers).

Theme				Occurrences	Quote (Example of a Participant)
Disorders
	Neurodegenerative diseases (total)			109
		Alzheimer’s type dementia		50	“with patients with Alzheimer’s disease, we sing familiar songs together.” (P293)
		Parkinson’s disease		44	“voice therapy with Parkinson’s patients” (P111)
		Neurodegenerative diseases		11	“as part of the rehabilitation in neurodegenerative diseases” (P62)
		Huntington’s disease		2	“targeting articulation and rhythm ((...) Huntington’s chorea...)” (P153)
		Multiple sclerosis		1	“I sometimes make people sing or hum (...) with MS” (P354)
		Progressive supranuclear palsy		1	“I recently received a patient with PSP and singing became my working tool with her” (P81)
	Aphasia (total)			84
		Aphasia		81	“with an aphasic patient, I try to sing songs with her” (P168)
		Anomia		3	“using intonation in anomia therapies” (P46)
	Dysarthria			22	“In the context of dysarthria it works with the rhythm and the melody.” (P345)
	Voice disorder			5	“Vocalizations for voice rehabilitation.” (P346)
	Dysphagia			2	“Individual and collective for (...) dysphagia” (P34)
	Apraxia			2	“work of buccofacial apraxia” (P106)
	Neurological diseases			2	“I sing with my ‘neuro’ patients” (P231)
	Stuttering			1	“Use of nursery rhymes/songs for patients who stutter” (P373)
	Oral language disorders			1	“I have always used singing in all my rehabilitations (oral or written language)” (P13)
	Written language disorders			1	“I have always used singing in all my rehabilitations (oral or written language)” (P13)
	Deafness			1	“Constitution of a choir (with small orchestra) for people with cochlear implants” (P373)
	Ataxia			1	“Rhythm (in the context of ataxia)...” (P372)
Therapy formats
	Individual			278	“Use of singing in one-on-one session” (P332)
	Group			46	“choral for people with aphasia” (P122)
	Homework			2	“at home as complementary work” (P72)
Targeted domains
	Language			200	“Using automatic abilities to access language” (P47)
	Memory (total)			143
		Semantic memory		79	“I hide the text and ask them to find the last word of each sentence” (P287)
		Memory		40	“Stimulating memory” (P90)
		Procedural memory		26	“ song lyrics used for the automatic ending of sentences” (P256)
		Autobiographical memory		19	“We also listen to music to bring out emotions and even memories” (P206)
		Episodic memory		10	“ to train episodic memory “ (P370)
	Speech and voice			101	“(...) with people who have lost in fluidity of speech” (P224)
	Executive functions			40	“I often propose songs to stimulate language, memory, attention, respect of rhythm” (P376)
	Speech restoration			37	“to restore speech in patients” (P120)
	Pleasure			34	“Sometimes also just for the pleasure of listening to an artist they liked” (P324)
	Rhythm			28	“by proposing (...) melodies to work on articulation and rhythm” (P153)
	Communication			18	“non-verbal communication intensifies” “working on turn taking “ (P232)
	Emotions			14	“expression of emotion through singing in someone who is disoriented” (P367)
	Awakening			9	“We would choose a song with the patient and (...) I would sing and the patient would follow or wake up to the words “ (P243)
	Sense of identity			7	“We sing together because this memory is preserved so it is gratifying” (P178)
	Cognitive stimulation			6	“The lyrics of the songs are the starting point for many cognitive stimulation exercises” (P88)
	Therapeutic bond			5	“I use singing (...) with the idea of being connected to the patient” (P264)
	Swallowing			3	“Rehabilitation of swallowing” (P94)
	Social ties			3	“A patient with Alzheimer’s disease participates in a choir, which is very valuable for him because it (...) gives him the opportunity to socialize” (P303)
Modalities
	Production			241	“Singing duet with patient or music found on the internet and the patient sings the lyrics” (P74)
	Reception			241	“Listening to songs and working on emotions and memories” (P271)
Activities
	Completion of sung phrases			50	“by playing musical excerpts to patients and (...) asking them to sing the rest. “ (P4)
	Melodic therapy			49	“use of the principles of Melodic Intonation Therapy or Thérapie Mélodique et Rythmée” (P234)
	Singing in unison			40	“ singing in duet with the patient” (P74)
	Song games (total)			30
		Melody quizzes (total)		16
			Melody quizzes	8	“finding the singer, or the title of a hummed song”, “blindtest” (P304)
			Melody/performer association	3	“humming a melody and the patient must find the title or performer” (P150)
			Melody/lyrics association	3	“beginning of melodic phrase… it’s up to her to put the lyrics to it” (P65)
			Melody/title association	2	“humming a melody and the patient must find the title or performer” (P150)
		Lyrics/song association		6	“search for songs from a word” (P174)
		Title/singer association		5	“association of a song title and its singer for example” (P239)
		Song games		3	“we make singing games” (P231)
	Vocal exercises			26	“warm-up vocalization (…) that will help to work on prosody” (P153)
	Listening			21	“Listening to songs” (P271)
	Choir			19	“singing group as part of a long-term care service in the hospital” (P339)
	Evocation			19	“pleasure to sing at the end of the session and remember the memories it evokes” (P150)
	Reading			15	“reading aloud the lyrics” (P365)
	Repetition			11	“singing phrases to facilitate their repetition”(P229)
	Karaoke			10	“when possible, I do karaoke” (P306)
	Rhythmic exercises			8	“we also work on purely rhythmic exercises” (P99)
	Body exercises			7	“I combine body and vocal exercises” (P9)
	Psychophony approach			3	“I use the tools and the approach of the psychophony method” (P391)
	Automatic series			3	“I use singing to initiate, recite, remember automatic series” (P224)
	Associated with the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment program			3	“As a complement to the LSVT” (P249)
	Beatboxing			1	“use of human beatboxing techniques” (P275)
	Mimes			1	“I sing mime rhymes (I sing and mime)” (P319)
Types of music
	Personalized music			80	“use of songs known to the patient” (P232)
	Popular songs			62	“traditional French songs, La Marseillaise” (P131)
	Rhymes			17	“mainly in known nursery rhymes” (P291)
	Prayers			2	“ canticle heard many times in his childhood” (P263)