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. 2022 Jun 10;19(12):7114. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19127114

Table 2.

Child-level characteristics of eleven studies.

Author-year Gender (n, %) Ever Breastfed (n, %) Ever Bottle-fed (n, %) Bottle-Fed at Night (n, %) Nutritional Patterns (n, %) Brushing Patterns/Oral Hygiene Status (n, %)
Pérez-2021 [47] Caries: 593 No caries: 135 Caries: 593 No caries: 135 Caries: 593 No caries: 135 Caries: 593 No caries: 135 Caries: 593 No caries: 135 Caries: 593 No caries: 135
Male: 300 (50.6%); Female: 293 (49.4%) Male: 71 (52.6%); Female: 64 (47.4%) NR NR NR Sweets consumption: > Once per day: 357 (60.2%); Seldom/sometimes per week: 236 (39.8%);
Soft drinks consumption: > Once per day: 348 (58.7%); Seldom/sometimes per week: 245 (41.3%) 		Sweets consumption: > Once per day: 60 (44.4%); Seldom/sometimes per week: 75 (55.6%);
Soft drinks consumption: > Once per day: 75 (55.6%); Seldom/sometimes per week: 60 (44.4%)		 Brushing frequency: Less than twice daily: 369 (62.2%); Twice or more daily: 224 (37.8%);
Oral hygiene: Good: 279 (47%); Poor: 314 (53%) 		Brushing frequency: Less than twice daily: 65 (48.2%); Twice or more daily: 70 (51.8%);
Oral hygiene: Good: 81 (60%); Poor: 54 (40%)
Regnnli-2021 [45] Caries: 629 No caries: 678 NR NR NR Minimum acceptable diet: 640 (49.0%) NR
Male: 316 (50.2%); Female: 313 (49.9%) Male: 315 (46.5%); Female: 363 (53.5%)
Ndekero-2021 [46] Caries: 372 No caries: 459 NR NR NR Caries: 372 No caries: 459 Caries: 372 No caries: 459
Male: 185 (49.7%); Female: 187 (50.3%) Male: 214 (46.6%); Female: 245 (53.4%) Sugary foods in between meals: 346 (93%);
Drink juice or sodas or sugary drinks: 370 (99.5%);
Eat fruits: 260 (69.9%) vs. 312 (68%);
Eat vegetables: 369 (99.1%) 		Sugary foods in between meals: 423 (92.2%);
Drink juice or sodas or sugary drinks: 457 (99.6%);
Eat fruits: 312 (68%);
Eat vegetables: 450 (98%)		 Not every day: 11 (3%); Once a day: 275 (73.9%); Twice or more daily: 86 (23.1%) Not every day: 13 (2.8%); Once a day: 337 (73.4%); Twice or more daily: 106 (23.1%)
Folayan-2019 [43] Caries: 18 No caries: 352 NR NR NR Caries: 18 No caries: 352 Caries: 18 No caries: 352
Male: 7 (38.9%); Female: 11 (61.1%) Male: 196 (55.7%); Female: 156 (44.3%) ≥3 times daily sugar consumption between meals: 5 (27.7%); <3 times daily sugar consumption between meals: 13 (72.2%)  ≥3 times daily sugar consumption between meals: 55 (15.6%); <3 times daily sugar consumption between meals: 297 (84.4%) Poor: 0; Fair: 8 (44.4%); Good: 10 (65.6%) Poor: 8 (2.3%); Fair: 96 (27.3%); Good: 248 (70.5%)
Adeniyi-2016 [44] Caries: 211 No caries: 762 NR NR NR NR NR
Male: 99 (49.9%); Female: 112 (53.1%) Male: 389 (51%); Female: 373 (49%)
Ayele-2013 [48] Male: 379 (45%); Female: 463 (55%) NR NR NR Caries: 306 No caries: 356 Caries: 306 No caries: 356
Snack frequency: Thrice/day: 178 (58.1%); Twice/day: 11 (3.6%); Once/day: 81 (26.5%); Occasional: 36 (11.8%);
Sweet foods and drinks: 282 (92.2%);
Soft drinks: 224 (73.2%);
Sugared coffee: 175 (57.2%) 		Snack frequency: Thrice/day: 346 (64.5%); Twice/day: 23 (4.3%); Once/day: 116 (21.6%); Occasional: 51 (9.5%);
Sweet foods and drinks: 460 (85.8%);
Soft drinks: 60 (11.2%);
Sugared coffee: 303 (56.5%)		 Rinsing mouth: 260 (85%); Cleaning teeth: 120 (39.2%) Rinsing mouth: 49 (9.1%); Cleaning teeth: 357 (66.6%)
Borges-2012 [42] Male: 984 (49.4%) NR NR NR NR Caries: 821 No caries: 1172
Not at all or once a day: 91 (11.1%); Twice or more daily: 676 (82.3%) Not at all or once a day: 108 (9.2%); Twice or more daily: 1010 (86.2%)
Saraiva-2007 [39] NR Caries: 907 No caries: 689 Caries: 907 No caries: 689 NR Caries: 907 No caries: 689 NR
Yes: 158 (17.4%) Yes: 133 (19.3%) ≤19 months: 177 (19.5%); >19 months: 230 (25.4%) ≤19 months: 96 (14%); >19 months: 134 (19.4%) Carbohydrate intake: <161 g/day: 212 (23.4%); 161–249.1 g/day: 426 (47%); >249.2 g/day: 259 (28.5%);
Sucrose intake: <35 g/day: 178 (19.6%); ≥35 g/day: 267 (29.4%) 		Carbohydrate intake: <161 g/day: 130 (18.8%); 161–249.1 g/day: 242 (35.1%); >249.2 g/day; 135 (19.6%);
Sucrose intake: <35 g/day: 76 (11%); ≥35 g/day: 90 (13.1%)
Moura-2006 [40] Male: 169 (49.2%) NR NR NR Caries: 152 No caries: 191 Caries: 152 No caries: 191
Daily sugar consumption: Always: 83 (54.6%); Sometimes: 64 (42.1%); Never: 4 (2.6%) Daily sugar consumption: Always: 64 (33.5%); Sometimes: 16 (8.4%); Never: 11 (5.8%) 1/day: 27 (17.8%); 2/day: 70 (46.1%); ≥3/day: 55 (36.2%);
Brushing before going to sleep: Yes: 103 (67.8%); No: 48 (31.6%) 		1/day: 32 (16.8%); 2/day: 82 (42.9%); ≥3/day: 77 (40.3%);
Brushing before going to sleep: Yes: 132 (69.1%); No: 59 (30.9%)
Peres- 2005 [38] Caries: 176 No caries: 163 NR NR NR Caries: 176 No caries: 163 Caries: 176 No caries: 163
Male: 98 (55.7%); Female: 77 (43.8%) Male: 84 (51.5%); Female: 80 (49.1%) Sweet consumption: Almost never/less than once a day: 54 (30.7%); At least once daily: 121 (68.8%) Sweet consumption: Almost never/less than once a day: 60 (36.8%); At least once daily: 99 (60.7%) Brushing frequency: ≥2: 130 (73.9%); <2: 45 (25.6%);
Child brushed teeth at emergence of 1st teeth: 39 (2; 2.2%); Child brushed teeth after 1 year: 100 (56.8%) 		Brushing frequency: ≥2: 130 (79.8%); <2: 34 (20.9%);
Child brushed teeth at emergence of 1st teeth: 59 (36.2%); Child brushed teeth after 1 year: 79 (48.5%)
Fraiz-2001 [41] NR NR Caries: 65 No caries: 135 Caries: 65 No caries: 135 Caries: 65 No caries: 135 NR
Bottle-fed: 55 (84.6%); Never bottle-fed: 4 (6.2%); No longer bottle-fed: 6 (9.2%) Bottle-fed: 107 (79.3%); Never bottled-fed: 13 (9.6%); No longer bottle-fed: 15 (11.1%) Never to sleep: 22 (33.8%); To sleep: 23 (35.4%); Sleeping: 10 (15.4%) Not bottle-fed: 10 (15.4%) Never to sleep: 78 (57.8%); To sleep: 23 (17%); Sleeping: 6 (4.4%); Not bottle-fed: 28 (20.7%) Sugar consumption: High: 35 (53.8%); Moderate: 30 (46.2%) Sugar consumption: High: 31 (23%); Moderate: 104 (77%)