Table 3.
Family-level characteristics of eight studies.
| Author-Year | Maternal Age (Years) | Parental Educational Status (n, %) | Help with Child Tooth Brushing (n, %) | Fluoride Toothpaste (n, %) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pérez-2021 [47] | NR | Caries: 593 | No caries: 135 | NR | NR | |||
| ≥9 years: 269 (45.4%); <9 years: 324 (54.6%) | ≥9 years: 77 (57%); <9 years: 58 (43%) | |||||||
| Ndekero-2021 [46] | NR | Caries: 372 | No caries: 459 | Caries: 372 | No caries: 459 | Caries: 352 | No caries: 459 | |
| Maternal: Informal and primary education: 272 (73.1%); Secondary education and above: 47 (12.6%); No education: 53 (14.8%) | Maternal: Informal and primary education: 328 (71.5%); Secondary education and above: 58 (12.6%); No education: 73 (15.9%) | Yes: 132 (35.5%) | Yes: 369 (80.4%) | 194 (52.2%) | 235 (51.2%) | |||
| Ayele-2013 [48] | NR | Caries: 306 | No caries: 356 | Caries: 306 | No caries: 356 | NR | ||
| Paternal: Illiterate: 44 (14.4%); Read & write: 38 (12.4%); 1–6 grade: 54 (17.6%); 7–12 grade: 95 (31%); >12th grade: 75 (24.5%) | Paternal: Illiterate: 68 (12.7%); Read & write: 56 (10.4%); 1–6 grade: 71 (13.2%); 7–12 grade: 148 (27.6%); >12th grade: 193 (36%) | Yes: 120 (39.2%); No: 186 (60.8%) | Yes: 357 (66.6%); No: 179 (33.4%) | |||||
| Borges-2012 [42] | NR | Caries: 821 | No caries: 1172 | NR | NR | |||
| Parents: Illiterate: 31 (3.8%); Elementary school: 191 (23.3%); High school: 413 (50.3%) University: 62 (7.6%) | Parents: Illiterate: 17 (1.5%); Elementary school: 211 (18%); High school: 647 (55.2%); University: 126 (10.7%) | |||||||
| Saraiva-2007 [39] | Caries: 907 | No caries: 689 | Caries: 907 | No caries: 689 | NR | Caries: 907 | No caries: 689 | |
| <20 years: 138 (15.2%); 20–29 years: 201 (22.2%); >29 years: 141 (15.5%) | <20 years: 147 (21.4%); 20–29 years: 114 (16.6%); >29 years: 74 (10.7%) | Maternal: >12 years of education: 181 (19.9%); 12 years: 235 (25.9%); <12 years: 331 (36.5%) | Maternal: >12 years of education: 85 (12.4%); 12 years: 132 (19.2%); <12 years: 205 (29.7%) | 244 (26.9%) | 132 (19.1%) | |||
| Moura-2006 [40] | NR | NR | Caries: 152 | No caries: 191 | NR | |||
| Yes: 129 (84.9%) | Yes: 160 (83.8%) | |||||||
| Peres- 2005 [38] | NR | Caries: 176 | No caries: 163 | NR | NR | |||
| Maternal: ≥8 years of education: 74 (42.3%); <8 years of education: 100 (56.6%); Paternal: ≥8 years of education: 33 (18.8%); <8 years of education: 147 (83.5%) | Maternal: ≥8 years of education: 41 (25.2%); <8 years of education: 113 (69.3%); Paternal: ≥8 years of education: 45 (27.6%); <8 years of education: 79 (48.5%) | |||||||
| Fraiz-2001 [41] | 26.3 years (SD: 5.1) | Caries: 65 | No caries: 135 | NR | NR | |||
| Maternal: ≤8: 25 (38.5%); >8: 40 (61.5%); Paternal: ≤8: 28 (43.1%); >8: 32 (49.2%) | Maternal: ≤8: 35 (25.9%); >8: 100 (74.1%); Paternal: ≤8: 37 (27.4%); >8: 87 (64.4%) | |||||||