Table 4.
Socioeconomic-level characteristics of eleven studies.
| Author-Year | SES (n, %) | Setting (n, %) | Access to/Visited Dental Services (n, %) | Additional Comments | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pérez-2021 [47] | Caries: 593 | No caries: 135 | Public schools | Caries: 593 | No caries: 135 | - | ||
| SES: Low: 312 (52.6%); Middle: 182 (30.7%); High: 99 (16.7%) | SES: Low: 51 (37.8%); Middle: 53 (39.2%); High: 31 (23%) | Yes: 260 (43.8%) | Yes: 74 (54.8%) | |||||
| Regnnli-2021 [45] | Caries: 629 | No caries: 678 | Caries: 629 | No caries: 678 | NR | - | ||
| SES: Lowest: 118 (9%); Low: 135 (10.3); Medium: 171 (13.1%); High: 115 (8.8%); Highest: 90 (6.8%) | SES: Lowest: 102 (7.8%); Low: 130 (9.9%); Medium: 222 (16.9%); High: 100 (7.6%); Highest: 124 (9.5%) | Rural: 476 (36.4); Urban: 153 (11.7) | Rural: 512 (39.2%); Urban: 166 (12.7%) | |||||
| Ndekero-2021 [46] | NR | Caries: 372 | No caries: 459 | NR | Caries: 372 | No caries: 459 | ||
| Rural: 315 (84.7%) vs. 346 (75.4%); Semi-rural: 57 (15.3%) vs. 113 (24.6%) | Rural: 346 (75.4%); Semi-rural: 113 (24.6%) | Siblings present: 321 (86.3%); Mother’s not formally employed: 358 (96.2%); Difficulty in purchasing food for child due to costs: 122 (32.8%) | Siblings present: 403 (87.8%); Mother’s not formally employed: 35 (7.6%); Difficulty in purchasing food for the child due to costs: 156 (34%) | |||||
| Folayan-2019 [43] | Caries: 18 | No caries: 352 | Peri-urban households | NR | Mean oral hygiene score: 1.1 (SD: 1.2) ~ good | |||
| Low: 8 (44.4%); Middle: 4 (22.2%); High: 6 (33.3%) | Low: 118 (33.5%); Middle: 157 (44.6%); High: 77 (21.9%) | |||||||
| Adeniyi-2016 [44] | NR | Caries: 211 | No caries: 762 | Yes: 155 (15.9%); No: 818 (84.1%) | OHI: 0.4 (SD: 1.1) ~ good: 608 (62.5%); 0.6 (SD = 1.2) ~ fair: 365 (37.5%) | |||
| Public school: 56 (26.5%); Private school: 55 (26.1%) | Public school: 505 (66.3%); Private school: 257 (33.7%) | |||||||
| Ayele-2013 [48] | Caries: 306 | No caries: 356 | Rural and urban households | NR | - | |||
| <28 USD: 157 (51.3%); 29–56 USD: 93 (30.4%); 57–84 USD: 20 (6.5%); 85–112 USD: 24 (7.8%); 113–167 USD: 8 (2.6%); >168 USD: 4 (1.3%) | <28 USD: 206 (38.4%); 29–56 USD: 146 (27.2%); 57–84 USD: 46 (8.6%); 85–112 USD: 69 (12.9%); 113–167 USD: 38 (7.1%); >168 USD: 31 (5.8%) | |||||||
| Borges-2012 [42] | Caries: 821 | No caries: 1172 | Public preschools | Caries: 821 | No caries: 1172 | - | ||
| <1 minimum wage: 84 (10.2%); 1–1.9 minimum wage: 366 (44.6%); 2–2.9 minimum wage: 163 (19.9%); ≥ 3 minimum wage: 106 (12.9%) | <1 minimum wage: 82 (7%); 1–1.9 minimum wage: 456 (38.9%); 2–2.9 minimum wage: 241 (20.6%); ≥ 3 minimum wage: 234 (20%) | Yes: 552 (67.2%); No: 265 (32.3%) | Yes: 659 (56.2%); No: 512 (43.7%) | |||||
| Saraiva-2007 [39] | Caries: 907 | No caries: 689 | NR | Caries: 907 | No caries: 689 | Caries: 907 | No caries: 689 | |
| Poverty ratio: >3.5: 93 (10.3%); 1.301–3.5: 201 (22.2%); <1.301: 314 (34.6%) | Poverty ratio: >3.5: 48 (7.7%); 1.3–3.5: 110 (16%); <1.3: 201 (29.2%) | Yes: 570 (62.8%) | 331 (48.1%) | Passive smoking: 483 (53.2%) | Passive smoking: 280 (40.7%) | |||
| Moura-2006 [40] | NR | Clinic | Caries: 152 | No caries: 191 | Data were obtained at follow-up after participation in the Preventive Program for Pregnant Mothers and Babies whose goals are to recover and maintain oral health in pregnant women and children aged 0–3 years | |||
| 1–6 months ago: 65 (42.8%); 6–12 months ago: 29 (19.1%); Over 12 months ago: 57 (37.5%) | 1–6 months ago: 62 (32.5%); 6–12 months ago: 44 (23%); Over 12 months ago: 85 (44.5%) | |||||||
| Peres- 2005 [38] | Caries: 176 | No caries: 163 | Caries: 176 | No caries: 163 | The same participants were followed at 6 and 12 years of age and caries are reported for the second follow-up at age 12; Piped water supply: Yes: 143 (81.3%) vs. 141 (86.5%); No: 30 (17%) vs. 21 (12.9%); Adequate birth weight and gestational age: Yes: 30 (17%) vs. 20 (12.3%); No: 113 (64.2%) vs. 116 (71.7%) | |||
| Income: 1st quartile: 40 (22.7%); 2nd quartile: 41 (23.3%); 3rd quartile: 46 (26.1%); 4th quartile: 44 (25%); Social class: Employers/Professional: 30 (17%); Skilled workers: 119 (67.6%); Unskilled workers: 11 (6.3%) | Income: 1st quartile: 42 (25.8%); 2nd quartile: 40 (24.5%); 3rd quartile: 36 (22.1%); 4th quartile: 42 (25.8%); Social class: Employers/Professional: 41 (25.2%); Skilled workers: 99 (60.7%); Unskilled workers: 6 (3.7%) | Urban households | Yes: 85 (48.3%); No: 90 (51.1%) | Yes: 72 (44.2%); No: 92 (56.4%) | ||||
| Fraiz-2001 [41] | NR | Clinic | NR | Children aged 1–2 years and mothers, who had already taken part in a dental program at a clinic during, at least, the previous twelve months were enrolled | ||||