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. 2022 Jun 12;24(6):819. doi: 10.3390/e24060819

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic specifications of a Markov blanket (MB) comprising sensory (s) and active (a) states that are intermediate between the external or environmental (e) states and the internal (i) states of some system of interest. The MB is a boundary in the joint system-environment state space. It may be partially implemented by a structure (here, a plasma membrane) in a 3D space. The MB states (s and a) can be thought of as an API between the system and its environment. Taken from [157] and used with permission.