Table 4.

In vivo antioxidant and anti-glycation effects of rooibos, hibiscus, yerba mate extracts.

Target Effect/Organ	Species [Extract]	Concentration	Animal Model	Measure	Effect	Tendency	Reference
Antioxidant/Brain	A. linearis [Aqueous]	1 g/100 mL	Immobilization-induced oxidative stress Sprague Dawley rats	CAT	Control (Stress): 2 unit/mg Extract: 3 unit/mg	↑	[143]
				FFA	Control (Stress): 700 µg/mL Extract: 650 µg/mL	↓
				GSH/GSSG	Control (Stress): 7.5 Extract: 9	↑
				HIAA	Control (Stress): 400 mg/g tissue Extract: 350 mg/g tissue	↓
				Lipid peroxidation	Control (Stress): 50 nmol/g tissue Extract: 40 nmol/g tissue	↓
				SOD	Control (Stress): 1 unit/mg Extract: 1.7 unit/mg	↑
	H. rosa-sinensis [Aqueous]	25 mg/kg body weight	STZ induced diabetic Male Sprague-Dawley	CAT	Control (Diabetic): 5 U/mg Extract: 10 U/mg	↑	[142]
				SOD	Control (Diabetic): 7 U/mg Extract: 15 U/mg	↑
	H. sabdariffa [Aqueous]	200 mg/kg body weight	Male Swiss albino mice	MDA	Control (STZ): 3 nmol/g White hibiscus extract: 0.5 nmol/g Red hibiscus extract: 0.5 nmol/g	↓	[25]
				MPO	Control (STZ): 75 µg/mg tissue White hibiscus extract: 20 µg/mg tissue Red hibiscus extract: 20 µg/mg tissue	↓
				Cox-2	Control (STZ): 4 (fold change) White hibiscus extract: 1 (fold change) Red hibiscus extract: 1 (fold change)	↓
	H. sabdariffa [Ethanolic]	500 mg/kg body weight	Cypermethrin oxidative stress male mice (Mus musculus)	AChE	Control (Cypermethrin): 0.5 µmol/min/mg Extract: 2.5 µmol/min/mg	↓	[163]
				CAT	Control (Cypermethrin): 0.04 µmol/min/mg Extract: 0.06 µmol/min/mg	↓
				H2O2	Control (Cypermethrin): 1.2 µmol/mg Extract: 0.3 µmol/mg	↓
				MDA	Control (Cypermethrin): 2 µmol/mg Extract: 0.5 µmol/mg	↓
	I. paraguariensis [Aqueous]	200 mg/mL	Chronic immobilization stress male Wistar rats	GSH/GSSG	Control: 0.48 Extract: 0.50	→	[154]
				Lipid peroxidation	Control: 2.1 TBA/mg Extract: 1.3 TBA/mg	↓
		200 mg/mL	Male Wistar rats	GSH/GSSG	Control: 4.7 Extract: 16.6	↑	[153]
				Lipid peroxidation	Control: 1.3 MDA eq/mg Extract: 0.3 MDA eq/mg	↓
		50 mg/kg BW	PTZ-induced seizure male Wistar rats	CAT	Control (PTZ): 5 mmol/min/mg Extract: 9 mmol/min/mg	↑	[164]
				SOD	Control (PTZ): 15.50 U/mg Extract: 23 U/mg	↑
				Sulfhydryl protein	Control (PTZ): 0.09 nmol DTNB/mg Extract: 0.31 nmol DTNB/mg	↑
Anti-glycoxidation	H. rosa-sinensis [Ethanolic]	25 mg/kg BW	STZ induced diabetic Male Sprague-Dawley	Glycated hemoglobin	Control: 13% Extract: 6%	↓	[142]
	H. sabdariffa [Methanolic]	200 mg/kg BW	STZ induced diabetic Male Sprague-Dawley	Serum glucose	Diabetic control: 400 mg/dL Extract: 100 mg/dL	↓	[162]
				AGE levels	Diabetic control: 4.5 mg/mL Extract: 3 mg/dL	↓

STZ: streptozotocin.