Table 2.
Logistic regression analysis for the association between family income and obesity (vs. absence of obesity) among adults in California, 2011–2014.
| Characteristics | Overall | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Family income | |||||
| <100% FPL | 1.35 (1.22–1.50) *** | 1.40 (1.17–1.68) *** | 1.46 (1.22–1.74) *** | 1.37 (1.13–1.66) ** | 1.19 (0.92–1.55) |
| 100–299% FPL | 1.18 (1.10–1.27) *** | 1.19 (1.07–1.34) ** | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 1.31 (1.14–1.51) *** | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) |
| ≥300% FPL | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Age in years | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) *** | 1.01 (1.01–1.01) *** | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) *** | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) ** | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) *** |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1.15 (1.09–1.22) *** | 1.19 (1.08–1.31) *** | 1.10 (0.97–1.23) | 1.18 (1.04–1.32) ** | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) * |
| Female | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Latino | 1.62 (1.49–1.75) *** | 1.53 (1.36–1.73) *** | 1.69 (1.45–1.98) *** | 1.70 (1.44–2.00) *** | 1.55 (1.33–1.82) *** |
| White | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Asian | 0.41 (0.35–0.48) *** | 0.39 (0.32–0.49) *** | 0.40 (0.29–0.55) *** | 0.38 (0.27–0.55) *** | 0.47 (0.33–0.66) *** |
| African American | 2.12 (1.87–2.41) *** | 1.91 (1.61–2.27) *** | 2.17 (1.74–2.70) *** | 2.24 (1.72–2.90) *** | 2.20 (1.60–3.04) *** |
| American Indian | 2.04 (1.52–2.74) *** | 1.49 (0.90–2.46) | 2.79 (1.78–4.36) *** | 1.53 (0.69–3.38) | 2.84 (1.38–5.88) ** |
| Mixed race or other | 1.14 (0.94–1.39) | 1.55 (1.15–2.10) ** | 1.02 (0.66–1.57) | 1.26 (0.85–1.85) | 1.84 (0.76–4.45) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Current smoker | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 0.94 (0.81–1.10) | 0.92 (0.74–1.13) | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) | 0.87 (0.67–1.11) |
| Not current smoker | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Never married | 0.75 (0.69–0.83) | 0.82 (0.71–0.94) ** | 0.67 (0.56–0.81) *** | 0.77 (0.62–0.94) * | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) * |
| Others | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | 1.18 (0.99–1.41) |
| Education | |||||
| High school | 1.48 (1.33–1.65) *** | 1.63 (1.39–1.92) *** | 1.62 (1.30–2.03) *** | 1.19 (0.96–1.47) | 1.54 (1.22–1.95) *** |
| College | 1.34 (1.21–1.49) *** | 1.43 (1.23–1.67) *** | 1.50 (1.22–1.85) *** | 1.08 (0.89–1.32) | 1.40 (1.12–1.75) ** |
| Graduate | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Physical activity a | |||||
| Yes | 0.70 (0.65–0.75) *** | 0.78 (0.70–0.87) *** | 0.69 (0.60–0.80) *** | 0.63 (0.55–0.74) *** | 0.70 (0.60–0.81) *** |
| No | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Healthy diet b | |||||
| Never | 1.05 (0.92–1.19) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 1.17 (0.93–1.48) | 1.04 (0.77–1.39) | 1.06 (0.77–1.47) |
| Sometimes/usually | 0.93 (0.85–1.03) | 0.92 (0.80–1.07) | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 0.89 (0.72–1.11) | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) |
| Always | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; PFL, poverty federal level. a Physical activity was defined as walking at least 10 min for either transportation or leisure over the past 7 days. b Healthy diet was determined by response to “how often find fresh fruit/vegetable in neighborhood?”, including three categories: never, sometimes or usually, and always. * <0.05, ** <0.01, *** <0.001.