Table 4.
Comorbidities associated with substance use among people living with HIV.
| Non-Infectious | Infectious |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular | Bacterial |
| High blood pressure [194,218] | Pneumonia [197,219] |
| Strokes, cardiovascular accidents [194,197] | Tuberculosis [190,195,220] |
| Endocrine | Treatment default [190,221] |
| Diabetes mellitus [194] | Treatment delay [192] |
| Early natural menopause [222] | Treatment failure [195] |
| Nutritional | Loss to follow-up [195] |
| Malnutrition [200] | Mortality [221] |
| Low body mass index [200] | Multi drug resistance [221] |
| Low skeletal muscle mass index [200] | Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis [223] |
| Osteopenia and osteoporosis [188] | Syphilis [22] |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms [185] | Viral |
| Malignancies | HTLV-1/2 [224,225] |
| Lung cancer [197] | Hepatitis B [186,226] |
| Kaposi’s sarcoma [227] | Hepatitis C [215,216,228,229,230,231,232] |
| Anal intraepithelial neoplasia [187] | Hepatitis E [198] |
| Cervical cancer and HPV [209,233,234] | Epstein-Barr virus [39,235] |
| Psychiatric | Fungal |
| Depression [14,19,24,112,126,194,197] | Oral candidiasis [235,236] |
| Suicidal ideation [31,60] | |
| Anxiety [189] | |
| Bipolar disease [237] | |
| Manic symptoms [183] |