Table 2.
Effects of Kangaroo Mother Care on Physiological Parameters (N = 112).
| Day 3 | Day 15 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Premature Infant: Quantitative Variables | |||||||||||||
| Variable | Group | Mean | SD | d.f | Test | p-Value | Mean | S.D. | d.f | Test | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | |
| Cortisol Infant (µg/dL) | KMC | 9.51 | 5.42 | 110 | 0.4 | 0.86 B | 4.16 | 2.82 | 110 | 2.39 | 0.02 B * | -- | |
| Control | 10.03 | 6.11 | 5.89 | 4.61 | |||||||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | KMC | 150.38 | 15.10 | 110 | 0.55 | 0.50 B | 154.29 | 13.67 | 110 | 1.79 | 0.11 B | -- | |
| Control | 151.93 | 14.31 | 158.43 | 10.61 | |||||||||
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | KMC | 52.54 | 15.07 | 110 | 0.84 | 0.34 B | 52.89 | 10.55 | 110 | 2.07 | 0.05 B | -- | |
| Control | 54.68 | 15.07 | 59.25 | 20.36 | |||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | KMC | 67.70 | 11.04 | 110 | 0.67 | 0.75 B | 69.77 | 10.80 | 110 | 1.05 | 0.40 B | -- | |
| Control | 69.21 | 12.75 | 72.11 | 12.52 | |||||||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | KMC | 40.27 | 10.15 | 110 | −0.34 | 0.43 B | 39.07 | 11.07 | 110 | −0.15 | 0.72 B | -- | |
| Control | 39.55 | 11.73 | 38.77 | 9.40 | |||||||||
| O2 saturation (%) | KMC | 97.39 | 1.69 | 110 | −1.55 | 0.31 B | 97.30 | 8.15 | 110 | 1.22 | 0.86 B | -- | |
| Control | 94.89 | 11.92 | 95.93 | 8.15 | |||||||||
| Max FiO2 | KMC | 21.77 | 2.79 | 110 | 1.733 | 0.23 B | 21.03 | 4.56 | 110 | −0.18 | 0.42 B | -- | |
| Control | 23.10 | 5.04 | 21.17 | 3.62 | |||||||||
| Weight | KMC | 1329.90 | 265.96 | -- | 1237 | 0.06 A | 1567.20 | 287.02 | -- | 1171 | 0.01 A * | -- | |
| Control | 1239.61 | 245.04 | 1440.59 | 277.64 | |||||||||
| Amount per feeding | KMC | 10.13 | 8.18 | 110 | −0.44 | 0.44 B | 32.74 | 8.5 | 110 | −2.64 | 0.01 B * | -- | |
| Control | 9.41 | 8.88 | 26.58 | 15.55 | |||||||||
| Number of feedings | KMC | 7.86 | 1.06 | 110 | −1.95 | 0.06 B | 8.00 | 0.00 | 110 | −1.83 | 0.04 B * | -- | |
| Control | 7.16 | 2.44 | 7.55 | 1.81 | |||||||||
| Number of puffs | KMC | 0.38 | 0.98 | 110 | 0.45 | 0.83 B | 0.04 | 0.18 | 110 | 1.16 | 0.61 B | -- | |
| Control | 0.32 | 0.69 | 00.13 | 0.54 | |||||||||
| Premature Infant Qualitatives Variables | |||||||||||||
| Variable | Group | n | % | d.f | Test | p-Value | n | % | d.f | Test | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | |
| Respiratory therapy | Ambiental | KMC | 37 | 33.03 | 5 | 10.49 | 0.06 b | 49 | 43.75 | 3 | 9.54 | 0.02 b * | -- |
| Control | 25 | 22.32 | 39 | 34.82 | |||||||||
| Oxygen incubator |
KMC | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.89 | ||||||||
| Control | 3 | 2.67 | 3 | 2.67 | |||||||||
| Nasal goggles | KMC | 1 | 0.89 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Control | 1 | 0.89 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| High flow | KMC | 3 | 2.67 | 5 | 4.46 | ||||||||
| Control | 5 | 4.46 | 5 | 4.46 | |||||||||
| Noninvasive ventilation | KMC | 15 | 13.39 | 1 | 0.89 | ||||||||
| Control | 20 | 17.85 | 9 | 8.03 | |||||||||
| Endotracheal intubation | KMC | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Control | 2 | 1.78 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Parenteral nutrition | No | KMC | 14 | 12.5 | 1 | 0.18 | 0.67 a | 51 | 45.53 | 1 | 8.96 | 0.003 c * | 0.19 (0.06–0.55) |
| Control | 16 | 14.28 | 37 | 33.03 | |||||||||
| Yes | KMC | 42 | 37.05 | 5 | 4.46 | ||||||||
| Control | 40 | 35.71 | 19 | 16.96 | |||||||||
| Type of milk | Breast | KMC | 48 | 42.85 | 2 | 7.99 | 0.01 b * | 54 | 48.21 | 2 | 7.42 | 0.02 b * | -- |
| Control | 50 | 44.64 | 50 | 44.64 | |||||||||
| Mixed | KMC | 5 | 4.46 | 2 | 1.78 | ||||||||
| Control | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.89 | |||||||||
| Artificial | KMC | 3 | 2.67 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Control | 6 | 5.35 | 5 | 4.46 | |||||||||
| Type of feeding | Absolute diet | KMC | 1 | 0.89 | 2 | 4.53 | 0.10 b | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6.48 | 0.09 b | -- |
| Control | 5 | 4.46 | 3 | 2.67 | |||||||||
| Intermittent | KMC | 55 | 49.10 | 51 | 45.53 | ||||||||
| Control | 50 | 44.64 | 46 | 41.07 | |||||||||
| Continuous | KMC | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.89 | ||||||||
| Control | 1 | 0.89 | 4 | 3.57 | |||||||||
| Bottle | KMC | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3.57 | ||||||||
| Control | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2.67 | |||||||||
| Mother: Quantitative Variables | |||||||||||||
| Variable | Group | Mean | SD | d.f | Test | p-Value | Mean | S.D. | d.f | Test | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | |
| Mother Cortisol(µg/dL) | KMC | 8.27 | 5.04 | -- | 1472.50 | 0.81 A | 5.87 | 3.35 | -- | 1038.00 | 0.002 A * | -- | |
| Control | 8.58 | 4.75 | 7.65 | 3.81 | |||||||||
| EPDS | KMC | 17.28 | 2.74 | -- | 1534.00 | 0.81 A | 15.39 | 2.40 | -- | 1177.50 | 0.002 A * | -- | |
| Control | 17.62 | 2.55 | 16.67 | 2.82 | |||||||||
Note. KMC group (n = 56); Control group (n = 56); A Mann–Whitney U; B Student’s t-test; a Chi-squared; b Likelihood ratio; c Yates correction; d.f.: degrees of freedom; * p < 0.05.