Figure 3.

Short-term exposure to PM₁₀ induced microglial activation in mice. (A) Experimental schematic describing short-term exposure to PM₁₀ (5 mg/kg) for 5 days and PD mice following MPTP challenge to evaluate microglial activation in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra. (B,C) Representative images of IBA1-positive cells (B) are shown, and the level of immunoreactivity (C) was calculated with the presented mean values. The scale bar is 30 μm. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM (n = 5 per group). * p < 0.05; ** p  <  0.01. ns = no significant difference among the groups.