Table 3.
Summary of the recent studies on microbial derived polysaccharide-based bioinks for 3D bioprinting applications.
| Polysaccharide | Other Compounds | Cell Type | Bioink Formulation | Bioprinting Method | Conditions | Construct Properties | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dextran | GelMA, succinylated chitosan and dextran aldehyde | hBMSC (1.0 × 106 cells/mL) and HUVEC (1.0 × 106 cells/mL) |
Succinylated chitosan: 8% (w/v) Dextran aldehyde: 0.6% (w/v) GelMA: 13% (w/v) Crosslinker: UV |
EB | Nozzle: 0.400 mm Printing speed: 5 mm/s Pressure: 150–225 kPa Temperature: 25 °C |
Core/shell structure (12 × 12 × 4 mm3) Young’s modulus: 100 kPa for GelMA and 50 kPa for chitosan-dextran hydrogel Cell viability: cell growth increased until day 21 |
Wound healing | [151] |
| Xanthan gum | GelMA, alginate and CMC | hMSCS (2.5 × 106 cells/mL) | GelMA: 10% (w/v) Alginate: 2% (w/v) CMC: 1 or 2% (w/v) Xanthan gum: 1 or 2% (w/v) Crosslinker: UV and CaCl2 |
EB | Nozzle: 0.515 mm | Grid-like structures Young’s modulus: >40 kPa for UV + ionic (with Ca2+)-crosslinked hydrogels, >20 kPa for UV-crosslinked and <20 kPa ion-crosslinked Cell viability: >80% |
– | [152] |
| Xanthan gum | Collagen type 1 | ECs/hESC-ECs (10 × 106 cells/mL) and hESC-FBs (2 × 106 cells/mL) |
Xanthan gum: 10% (w/v) Collagen: 4.73 mg/mL |
EB | Nozzle: 0.410 mm Printing speed: 15 mm/s Pressure: 29–35 kPa |
Grid-like constructures (10 ×10 × 3 mm3) Cell viability: 92.39 ± 2.02% at 24 h post printing and 89.40 ± 2.58% at 48 h post printing |
– | [155] |
| Xanthan gum | Gelatin | Primary human-derived-skin fibroblasts (0.5 × 106 cells/mL) and HaCaTs (5 × 106 cells/mL) |
Xanthan gum: 0.3, 0.7 1 and 1.2% (w/v) Gelatin: 2.5 and 3% (w/v) Crosslinker: glutaraldehyde 0.3, 0.5 and 1% (v/v) |
EB | Nozzle: 0.250 mm Pressure: 10–20 kPa |
Grid-like constructs (1 cm2) Cell viability: bioprinting process did not affect the cell viability, as no sign of cell death was visible on day 1 after bioprinting |
– | [154] |
| Gellan gum | Poly(lactic acid), GelMA | Mesenchymal stromal cells (10 × 106 cells/mL) | Gellan gum: 1% (w/v) GelMA: 10% (w/v) Crosslinker: UV |
EB | Nozzle: 0.908 mm Printing speed: 7.9 mm/s Temperature: room temperature |
Grid-like structures (2.25 mm line spacing) Cell viability: >80% after 3 days |
– | [156] |
| Gellan gum modified with RGD | N/A | Primary cortical neurons (1 × 106 cells/mL) | RGD-gellan gum: 1% (w/v) Crosslinker: CaCl2 1 M |
EB | Nozzle: 0.200 mm | Cylindrical structure Cell viability: >70% until day 7 after bioprinting. |
– | [157] |
| Gellan gum | PEGDA | BMSCs (2 × 106 cells/mL) | Gellan gum: 0.75 wt.% PEGDA: 15 wt.% Crosslinker: UV |
EB | Nozzle: 0.515 mm Temperature: 37 °C |
Rectilinear and honeycomb structures Young’s modulus: higher values for honeycomb structures than for rectilinear Cell viability: >90% |
Intervertebral disc regeneration | [158] |
| Gellan gum | PEGDA | BMSCs and MC3T3-E1 (2 × 106 cells/mL) | Gellan gum: 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 wt.% PEGDA: 0, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 wt.% Crosslinker: UV |
EB | Nozzle: 0.515 mm Printing speed: 10 mm/s Temperature: 37 °C |
Sharp cone (10 mm in diameter and height), square prism (bottom diameter 10 mm, top diameter 10 mm, height 10 mm) and human scale ear and nose Young’s modulus: UV crosslinking of G1.5P10 (chosen formulation) caused an improvement in the Young’s modulus from 40 kPa to 60 kPa Cell viability: >87% |
– | [159] |
| Gellan gum | GelMA | C2C12 (4 × 106 cells/mL) | GelMA: 2, 4, 10, 15, 20, 30% (w/v) Gellan gum: 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 1.5% (w/v) Crosslinker: UV |
EB | Nozzle: 0.410 mm Printing speed: 1.7 mm/s Pressure: 1.2 bar Temperature: 25 °C |
Grid pattern (9 × 9 × 10 mm3) and tubular structure Compressive modulus: 9–16 kPa Cell viability: maintained > 95% at all time points (0, 7 and 14 days). |
Soft tissue engineering | [160] |
| Gellan gum | Sodium alginate and thixotropic magnesium phosphate-based gel | MG-63 (1 × 106 cells/mL) | Sodium alginate: 2.5 or 4.0% (w/v) Gellan gum: 3.0 or 2.0% (w/v) Sodium alginate-gellan gum to thixotropic magnesium phosphate-based gel (1.5:1) Crosslinker: UV |
EB | Nozzle: 0.410 mm Printing speed: 0.005 mL/s |
Grid-like constructs (20 × 20 mm3), human mandible, university symbol abbreviation and human nose Compressive stiffness: 299 ± 71 kPa for 2.0% gellan gum and 4.0% (w/v) sodium alginate Cell viability: relative proliferation rate >100% 5 and 7 days after bioprinting |
Osteochondral repair | [161] |
| Gellan gum | Fibrinogen | pMCs (1.5 × 107 cells/mL) | Gellan gum: 12 mg/mL Fibrinogen: 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 mg/mL Crosslinker: thrombin 20 (U/mL) and UV |
EB | Nozzle: 0.240 mm Printing speed: 250 mm/min Pressure: 45–65 kPa |
Cuboid structures (10 × 10 × 5 mm3) Compressive elastic modulus: ink with 100 mg/mL of fibrinogen had the highest with values increasing from 13.6 ± 1.5 to 23.1 ± 2.7 KPa at 3% strain, 14.8 ± 2.1 to 24.3 ± 1.8 KPa at 6% strain and 17.9 ± 3.2 to 27.5 ± 2.3 KPa at 12% Cell viability: >90% during the culture |
Fibrocartilaginous tissue regeneration | [162] |
| Gellan gum | Alginate and laminin | hiNPCs | Two different alginate-gellan gum blends were prepared: 1.5% (w/v) alginate, 0.5% (w/v) gellan gum and 0.01% (w/v) laminin, and 0.3% (w/v) alginate, 0.8% (w/v) and 0.01% (w/v) laminin gellan gum Crosslinker: CaCl2 0.09 M |
EB | Nozzle: 0.200 mm Printing speed: 4.1 mm/s Pressure: 450–550 kPa |
Grid-like structures Elastic modulus: 0.3% Alg-0.8% gellan gum-0.01% laminin had the lowest elastic modulus (20 kPa) when compared to 1.5% Alg-0.5% gellan gum-0.01% laminin (35 kPa) Cell viability: 60% |
In vitro neural models | [153] |
Abbreviations: BMSCs–Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; C2C12–Mouse myoblasts cells; CMC–Carboxymethyl cellulose; ECs/hESC-ECs–Human embryonic stem cells and endothelial cells; GelMA–Gelatin methacrylate; HaCaTs–Human epidermal keratinocyte; hBMSCs–Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells; hINPC-hMSCs–Human mesenchymal stromal cells; HUVECS–Human umbilical vein endothelial cells; hINPC–Human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neural progenitor cells; MC3T2-E1–Pre-osteoblasts; MG-63–Osteosarcoma cells; pMCs–Porcine primary meniscus cells.